Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Replicates to High Levels in Naturally Infected African Green Monkeys without Inducing Immunologic or Neurologic Disease

doi:10.1128/JVI.75.5.2262-2275.2001

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Journal of Virology, March 2001, p. 2262-2275, Vol. 75, No. 5
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.5.2262-2275.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Replicates to High Levels in Naturally Infected African Green Monkeys without Inducing Immunologic or Neurologic Disease

Suzanne R. Broussard,¹ Silvija I. Staprans,² Robert White,¹ Evelyn M. Whitehead,¹ Mark B. Feinberg,² and Jonathan S. Allan¹^,^*

Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas 78227,¹ and Emory Vaccine Center and Emory/Atlanta Center for AIDS Research, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329²

Received 11 September 2000/Accepted 7 December 2000

African green monkeys can maintain long-term persistent infection with simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVagm) without developingAIDS and thus provide an important model for understanding mechanismsof natural host resistance to disease. This study assessed thelevels and anatomic distribution of SIVagm in healthy, naturallyinfected monkeys. Quantitative competitive reverse transcriptasePCR assays developed to measure SIVagm from two African greenmonkey subspecies demonstrated high levels of SIV RNA in plasma(>6 × 10⁶ RNA copies/ml) in sabaeus and vervet monkeys. Infectious viruswas readily recovered from plasma and peripheral blood mononuclearcells and shown to be highly cytopathic in human cell lines andmacrophages. SIVagm DNA levels were highest in the gastrointestinaltract, suggesting that the gut is a major site for SIVagm replicationin vivo. Appreciable levels of virus were also found within thebrain parenchyma and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), with lowerlevels detected in peripheral blood cells and lymph nodes. Virusisolates from the CSF and brain parenchyma readily infected macrophagesin culture, whereas lymph node isolates were more restricted togrowth in human T-cell lines. Comparison of env V2-C4 sequencesshowed extensive amino acid diversity between SIVagm recoveredfrom the central nervous system and that recovered from lymphoidtissues. Homology between brain and CSF viruses, macrophage tropism,and active replication suggest compartmentalization in the centralnervous system without associated neuropathology in naturallyinfected monkeys. These studies provide evidence that the nonpathogenicnature of SIVagm in the natural host can be attributed neitherto more effective host control over viral replication nor to differencesin the tissue and cell tropism from those for human immunodeficiencyvirus type 1-infected humans or SIV-infectedmacaques.

^* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, Department of Virology and Immunology,7620 N.W. Loop 410 at Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227. Phone:(210) 258-9475. Fax: (210) 670-3332. E-mail: jallan{at}icarus.sfbr.org.

Journal of Virology, March 2001, p. 2262-2275, Vol. 75, No. 5
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.5.2262-2275.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

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