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Journal of Virology, December 2001, p. 11686-11699, Vol. 75, No. 23
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.23.11686-11699.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Identification of Shared Populations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infecting Microglia and Tissue Macrophages outside the Central Nervous System

T. H. Wang,1 Y. K. Donaldson,1 R. P. Brettle,2 J. E. Bell,3 and P. Simmonds1,*

Laboratory for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH,1 and Regional Infectious Diseases Unit2 and Department of Neuropathology, University of Edinburgh,3 Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom

Received 10 May 2001/Accepted 3 August 2001

Infection of microglia and other cells of the macrophage/monocyte lineage in the central nervous system (CNS) by human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) underlies the development of giant cell encephalitis (GCE). It is currently unknown whether GCE depends on the emergence of virus populations specifically adapted to replicate in cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage and whether this also leads to the specific targeting of macrophages in other nonlymphoid tissues. Autopsy samples from lymph node, brain (frontal region), lung, and full-thickness colon sections were obtained from nine study subjects with GCE and from nine without. The two groups showed no significant differences in CD4 counts, disease progression, or treatment history before death. Genetic relatedness between variants recovered from lymph node and nonlymphoid tissues was assessed by sequence comparison of V3 and p17gag regions using a newly developed method that scores the sample composition at successive nodes in a neighbor-joining tree. The association index enabled objective, numerical comparisons on the degree of tissue compartmentalization to be made. High proviral loads and p24 antigen expression in the brain were confined to the nine individuals with GCE. GCE was also associated with significantly higher proviral loads in colon samples (median of the GCE+ group: 1,010 copies/106 cells; median of GCE- group, 10/106 cells; P = 0.006). In contrast, there were no significant differences in proviral load between the GCE+ and GCE- groups in lymph node or lung samples, where HIV infection was manifested predominantly by infiltrates of lymphoid cells. V3 sequences from brain samples of individuals with GCE showed the greatest compartmentalization from those of lymph node, although samples from other tissues, particularly the colon, frequently contained variants phylogenetically related to those found in brain. The existence of shared, distinct populations of HIV specifically distributed in cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage was further indicated by immunocytochemical detection of CD68+, multinucleated giant cells expressing p24 antigen in samples of lung and colon in two individuals with GCE. This study provides the basis for future investigation of possible phenotypic similarities that underline the shared distributions of HIV variants infecting microglia and tissue macrophages outside the CNS.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratory for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, United Kingdom. Phone: 44 131 650 7927. Fax: 44 131 650 7965. E-mail: Peter.Simmonds{at}ed.ac.uk.

Journal of Virology, December 2001, p. 11686-11699, Vol. 75, No. 23
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.23.11686-11699.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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