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Journal of Virology, November 2001, p. 11002-11009, Vol. 75, No. 22
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.22.11002-11009.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

A Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Docking Site in the Cytoplasmic Tail of the Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus Transmembrane Protein Is Essential for Envelope-Induced Transformation of NIH 3T3 Cells

Massimo Palmarini,1,* Naoyoshi Maeda,2 Claudio Murgia,1 Claudio De-Fraja,3 Andrew Hofacre,2 and Hung Fan2

Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia,1 and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Cancer Research Institute2 and Department of Physiology and Biophysics,3 University of California, Irvine, California

Received 25 June 2001/Accepted 8 August 2001

Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is the causative agent of a transmissible lung cancer of sheep known as ovine pulmonary carcinoma. Recently, we have found that the expression of the JSRV envelope (Env) is sufficient to transform mouse NIH 3T3 cells in classical transformation assays. To further investigate the mechanisms of JSRV oncogenesis, we generated a series of envelope chimeras between JSRV and the JSRV-related endogenous retroviruses of sheep (enJSRVs) and assessed them in transformation assays. Chimeras containing the exogenous JSRV SU region and the enJSRV TM region were unable to transform NIH 3T3 cells. Additional chimeras containing only the carboxy-terminal portion of TM (a region that we previously identified as VR3) of the endogenous envelope with SU and the remaining portion of TM from the exogenous JSRV were also unable to transform NIH 3T3 cells. The VR3 region includes the putative membrane-spanning region and cytoplasmic tail of the JSRV TM glycoprotein; this suggested that the cytoplasmic tail of the JSRV Env mediates transformation, possibly via a cell signaling mechanism. Mutations Y590 and M593 in the cytoplasmic tail of the JSRV envelope were sufficient to inhibit the transforming abilities of these constructs. Y590 and M593 are part of a Y-X-X-M motif that is recognized by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K). PI-3K initiates a cell signaling pathway that inhibits apoptosis and is required for a number of mitogens during the G1-to-S-phase transition of the cell cycle. PI-3K activates Akt by phosphorylation of threonine 308 and serine 473. We detected by Western blot analysis phosphorylated Akt in serum-starved MP1 cells (NIH 3T3 cells transformed by JSRV) but not in the parental NIH 3T3 cells. These data indicate that the cytoplasmic tail of the JSRV TM is necessary for cell transformation and suggest a new mechanism of retroviral transformation. In addition, the ability to dissociate the function of the JSRV envelope to mediate viral entry from its transforming capacity has direct relevance for the design of JSRV-based vectors that target the differentiated epithelial cells of the lungs.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Dept. of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. Phone: (706) 542-4784. Fax: (706) 542-5771. E-mail: mpalmari{at}vet.uga.edu.

Journal of Virology, November 2001, p. 11002-11009, Vol. 75, No. 22
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.22.11002-11009.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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