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Journal of Virology, November 2001, p. 10479-10487, Vol. 75, No. 21
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.21.10479-10487.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Env Sequences from Calcutta in Eastern India: Identification of Features That Distinguish Subtype C Sequences in India from Other Subtype C Sequences

Raj Shankarappa,1,dagger Ramdas Chatterjee,2 Gerald H. Learn,1 Dhruba Neogi,3 Ming Ding,4 Pratima Roy,3 Adhir Ghosh,3 Lawrence Kingsley,4 Lee Harrison,5 James I. Mullins,1 and Phalguni Gupta4,*

Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 981951; Department of Virology, Chittaranjan Cancer Research Institute,2 and Department of Virology, School of Tropical Medicine,3 Calcutta, India; and Department of Epidemiology5 and Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology,4 Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213

Received 5 February 2001/Accepted 2 August 2001

India is experiencing a rapid spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), primarily through heterosexual transmission of subtype C viruses. To delineate the molecular features of HIV-1 circulating in India, we sequenced the V3-V4 region of viral env from 21 individuals attending an HIV clinic in Calcutta, the most populous city in the eastern part of the country, and analyzed these and the other Indian sequences in the HIV database. Twenty individuals were infected with viruses having a subtype C env, and one had viruses with a subtype A env. Analyses of 192 subtype C sequences that included one sequence for each subject from this study and from the HIV database revealed that almost all sequences from India, along with a small number from other countries, form a phylogenetically distinct lineage within subtype C, which we designate CIN. Overall, CIN lineage sequences were more closely related to each other (level of diversity, 10.2%) than to subtype C sequences from Botswana, Burundi, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe (range, 15.3 to 20.7%). Of the three positions identified as signature amino acid substitution sites for CIN sequences (K340E, K350A, and G429E), 56% of the CIN sequences contained all three amino acids while 87% of the sequences contained at least two of these substitutions. Among the non-CIN sequences, all three amino acids were present in 2%, while 22% contained two or more of these amino acids. These results suggest that much of the current Indian epidemic is descended from a single introduction into the country. Identification of conserved signature amino acid positions could assist epidemiologic tracking and has implications for the development of a vaccine against subtype C HIV-1 in India.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, 426 Parran Hall, 130 DeSoto St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261. Phone: (412) 624-7998. Fax: (412) 624-4953. E-mail: pgupta1+{at}pitt.edu.

dagger Present address: Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212.

Journal of Virology, November 2001, p. 10479-10487, Vol. 75, No. 21
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.21.10479-10487.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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Copyright © 2001 by the American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.