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Journal of Virology, November 2001, p. 10118-10131, Vol. 75, No. 21
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.21.10118-10131.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Evolutionary Relationships and Systematics of the Alphaviruses

Ann M. Powers,1,2,dagger Aaron C. Brault,1,dagger Yukio Shirako,3,Dagger Ellen G. Strauss,3 WenLi Kang,1 James H. Strauss,3 and Scott C. Weaver1,*

Department of Pathology and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-06091; Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado2; and Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 911253

Received 1 May 2001/Accepted 8 August 2001

Partial E1 envelope glycoprotein gene sequences and complete structural polyprotein sequences were used to compare divergence and construct phylogenetic trees for the genus Alphavirus. Tree topologies indicated that the mosquito-borne alphaviruses could have arisen in either the Old or the New World, with at least two transoceanic introductions to account for their current distribution. The time frame for alphavirus diversification could not be estimated because maximum-likelihood analyses indicated that the nucleotide substitution rate varies considerably across sites within the genome. While most trees showed evolutionary relationships consistent with current antigenic complexes and species, several changes to the current classification are proposed. The recently identified fish alphaviruses salmon pancreas disease virus and sleeping disease virus appear to be variants or subtypes of a new alphavirus species. Southern elephant seal virus is also a new alphavirus distantly related to all of the others analyzed. Tonate virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus strain 78V3531 also appear to be distinct alphavirus species based on genetic, antigenic, and ecological criteria. Trocara virus, isolated from mosquitoes in Brazil and Peru, also represents a new species and probably a new alphavirus complex.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609. Phone: (409) 747-0758. Fax: (409) 747-2415. E-mail: sweaver{at}utmb.edu.

dagger Present address: Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80522.

Dagger Present address: Asian Center for Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.

Journal of Virology, November 2001, p. 10118-10131, Vol. 75, No. 21
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.21.10118-10131.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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