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Journal of Virology, October 2001, p. 9345-9356, Vol. 75, No. 19
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.19.9345-9356.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Localization to the Nucleolus Is a Common Feature of Coronavirus Nucleoproteins, and the Protein May Disrupt Host Cell Division

Torsten Wurm,1 Hongying Chen,1 Teri Hodgson,1 Paul Britton,2 Gavin Brooks,3 and Julian A. Hiscox1,*

Virology Group1 and Cardiovascular Cell Cycle Control Group,3 School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AJ, and Division of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN,2 United Kingdom

Received 14 March 2001/Accepted 22 June 2001

The subcellular localization of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) (group I and group II coronaviruses, respectively) nucleoproteins (N proteins) were examined by confocal microscopy. The proteins were shown to localize either to the cytoplasm alone or to the cytoplasm and a structure in the nucleus. This feature was confirmed to be the nucleolus by using specific antibodies to nucleolin, a major component of the nucleolus, and by confocal microscopy to image sections through a cell expressing N protein. These findings are consistent with our previous report for infectious bronchitis virus (group III coronavirus) (J. A. Hiscox et al., J. Virol. 75:506-512, 2001), indicating that nucleolar localization of the N protein is a common feature of the coronavirus family and is possibly of functional significance. Nucleolar localization signals were identified in the domain III region of the N protein from all three coronavirus groups, and this suggested that transport of N protein to the nucleus might be an active process. In addition, our results suggest that the N protein might function to disrupt cell division. Thus, we observed that approximately 30% of cells transfected with the N protein appeared to be undergoing cell division. The most likely explanation for this is that the N protein induced a cell cycle delay or arrest, most likely in the G2/M phase. In a fraction of transfected cells expressing coronavirus N proteins, we observed multinucleate cells and dividing cells with nucleoli (which are only present during interphase). These findings are consistent with the possible inhibition of cytokinesis in these cells.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 228, Reading RG6 6AJ, England, United Kingdom. Phone: 44 (0)118 931 8893. Fax: 44 (0)118 931 0180. E-mail: j.a.hiscox{at}reading.ac.uk.

Journal of Virology, October 2001, p. 9345-9356, Vol. 75, No. 19
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.19.9345-9356.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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