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Journal of Virology, August 2001, p. 7086-7096, Vol. 75, No. 15
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.15.7086-7096.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Wild Mandrillus sphinx Are Carriers of Two Types of Lentivirus

Sandrine Souquière,1 Frédéric Bibollet-Ruche,2 David L. Robertson,3 Maria Makuwa,1 Cristian Apetrei,1 Richard Onanga,1 Christopher Kornfeld,4 Jean-Christophe Plantier,5 Feng Gao,2 Katharine Abernethy,1 Lee J. T. White,6 William Karesh,6 Paul Telfer,1 E. Jean Wickings,1 Philippe Mauclère,7 Preston A. Marx,8,9 Françoise Barré-Sinoussi,4 Beatrice H. Hahn,2 Michaela C. Müller-Trutwin,4 and François Simon1,5,*

Laboratoire de Virologie, UGENET, SEGC, Réserve de la Lopé, Centre International de Recherches Médicales, Franceville, Gabon1; Department of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama2; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom3; Unité de Biologie des Rétrovirus, Institut Pasteur, Paris,4 and Laboratoire de Virologie, GRAM-IFR23, Faculté de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Charles Nicolle, Rouen,5 France; Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx,6 and Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York,9 New York; Centre Pasteur, Yaoundé, Cameroon7; and Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana8

Received 13 December 2000/Accepted 13 April 2001

Mandrillus sphinx, a large primate living in Cameroon and Gabon and belonging to the Papionini tribe, was reported to be infected by a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) (SIVmndGB1) as early as 1988. Here, we have identified a second, highly divergent SIVmnd (designated SIVmnd-2). Genomic organization differs between the two viral types; SIVmnd-2 has the additional vpx gene, like other SIVs naturally infecting the Papionini tribe (SIVsm and SIVrcm) and in contrast to the other SIVmnd type (here designated SIVmnd-1), which is more closely related to SIVs infecting l'hoest (Cercopithecus lhoesti lhoesti) and sun-tailed (Cercopithecus lhoesti solatus) monkeys. Importantly, our epidemiological studies indicate a high prevalence of both types of SIVmnd; all 10 sexually mature wild-living monkeys and 3 out of 17 wild-born juveniles tested were infected. The geographic distribution of SIVmnd seems to be distinct for the two types: SIVmnd-1 viruses were exclusively identified in mandrills from central and southern Gabon, whereas SIVmnd-2 viruses were identified in monkeys from northern and western Gabon, as well as in Cameroon. SIVmnd-2 full-length sequence analysis, together with analysis of partial sequences from SIVmnd-1 and SIVmnd-2 from wild-born or wild-living mandrills, shows that the gag and pol regions of SIVmnd-2 are closest to those of SIVrcm, isolated from red-capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus), while the env gene is closest to that of SIVmnd-1. pol and env sequence analyses of SIV from a related Papionini species, the drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus), shows a closer relationship of SIVdrl to SIVmnd-2 than to SIVmnd-1. Epidemiological surveys of human immunodeficiency virus revealed a case in Cameroon of a human infected by a virus serologically related to SIVmnd, raising the possibility that mandrills represent a viral reservoir for humans similar to sooty mangabeys in Western Africa and chimpanzees in Central Africa.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Charles Nicolle, 1 rue de Germont, 76031 Rouen, France. Phone: 33 2 32 88 82 36. Fax: 33 2 32 88 83 10. E-mail: francois.simon{at}chu-rouen.fr.

Journal of Virology, August 2001, p. 7086-7096, Vol. 75, No. 15
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.15.7086-7096.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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