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Journal of Virology, June 2001, p. 5174-5181, Vol. 75, No. 11
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.11.5174-5181.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Reduced Expression of HLA Class II Molecules and Interleukin-10- and Transforming Growth Factor beta 1-Independent Suppression of T-Cell Proliferation in Human Cytomegalovirus-Infected Macrophage Cultures

Jenny Odeberg and Cecilia Söderberg-Nauclér*

Karolinska Institute, Division of Clinical Immunology, Huddinge Hospital, and Department of Biosciences, Novum, Stockholm, Sweden

Received 20 November 2000/Accepted 5 March 2001

After a primary infection, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes lifelong latency in myeloid lineage cells, and the virus has developed several mechanisms to avoid immune recognition and destruction of infected cells. In this study, we show that HCMV utilizes two different strategies to reduce the constitutive expression of HLA-DR, -DP, and -DQ on infected macrophages and that infected macrophages are unable to stimulate a specific CD4+ T-cell response. Downregulation of the HLA class II molecules was observed in 90% of the donor samples and occurred in two phases: at an early (1 day postinfection [dpi]) time point postinfection and at a late (4 dpi) time point postinfection. The early inhibition of HLA class II expression and antigen presentation was not dependent on active virus replication, since UV-inactivated virus induced downregulation of HLA-DR and inhibition of T-cell proliferation at 1 dpi. In contrast, the late effect required virus replication and was dependent on the expression of the HCMV unique short (US) genes US1 to -9 or US11 in 77% of the samples. HCMV-treated macrophages were completely devoid of T-cell stimulation capacity at 1 and 4 dpi. However, while downregulation of HLA class II expression was rather mild, a 66 to 90% reduction in proliferative T-cell response was observed. This discrepancy was due to undefined soluble factors produced in HCMV-infected cell cultures, which did not include interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor beta 1. These results suggest that HCMV reduces expression of HLA class II molecules on HCMV-infected macrophages and inhibits T-cell proliferation by different distinct pathways.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Biosciences, Novum, Karolinska Institute, S-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden. Phone: 46-8-608 9118. Fax: 46-8-774 5538. E-mail: cecilia.soderberg-naucler{at}cbt.ki.se.

Journal of Virology, June 2001, p. 5174-5181, Vol. 75, No. 11
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.11.5174-5181.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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