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Journal of Virology, May 2000, p. 4253-4257, Vol. 74, No. 9
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Detection of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Wild-Born Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus): Phylogenetic Relationships with Human and Other Primate Genotypes

D. M. MacDonald,1 E. C. Holmes,2 J. C. M. Lewis,3 and P. Simmonds1,*

Laboratory for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 1QH,1 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS,2 and International Zoo Veterinary Group, Keighley, Yorkshire BD21 1AG,3 United Kingdom

Received 22 October 1999/Accepted 7 February 2000

Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) was detected by serological testing for HBV surface antigen and by PCR assay for HBV DNA in serum samples from two common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes subsp. verus) born in West Africa. The complete genome sequences obtained by nucleotide sequencing of overlapping DNA fragments amplified by PCR were compared with HBV variants recovered from other primates and with human genotypes A to F. Both chimpanzee sequences were 3,182 nucleotides in length, and the surface gene sequence predicted the existence of a, d, and w serological determinants. Neither sequence contained stop codons in the precore region. On phylogenetic analysis, the HBV variants infecting the chimpanzees clustered together with a third chimpanzee HBV isolate independently obtained from an infected captive animal (A. J. Zuckerman, A. Thornton, C. R. Howard, K. N. Tsiquaye, D. M. Jones, and M. R. Brambell, Lancet ii:652-654, 1978), with an overall sequence similarity of >94%. This provides strong evidence for a chimpanzee-specific genotype of HBV which circulates in nature. These findings add to the recent evidence for infection in the wild of other Old and New World primates (gibbon, orangutan, and woolly monkey) with species-specific variants of HBV. There is no evidence for close phylogenetic clustering of variants found so far in primates with any of the established HBV genotypes from humans. With the new evidence for the widespread distribution of HBV in primates, hypotheses for the origins of human infection are reviewed.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratory for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, United Kingdom. Phone: 44 131 650 7927. Fax: 44 131 650 6511. E-mail: Peter.Simmonds{at}ed.ac.uk.

Journal of Virology, May 2000, p. 4253-4257, Vol. 74, No. 9
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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