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Journal of Virology, February 2000, p. 1149-1157, Vol. 74, No. 3
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

The Explosive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Epidemic among Injecting Drug Users of Kathmandu, Nepal, Is Caused by a Subtype C Virus of Restricted Genetic Diversity

Robert B. Oelrichs,1,* Iswar L. Shrestha,2 David A. Anderson,3 and Nicholas J. Deacon1,4

AIDS Molecular Biology Unit,1 Hepatitis Research Unit,3 and The National Centre for HIV Virology Research,4 Macfarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research, Fairfield, Victoria 3078, Australia, and Siddhi Polyclinic, Kathmandu, Nepal2

Received 15 April 1999/Accepted 2 November 1999

An explosive epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been documented among the injecting drug user population of Kathmandu, Nepal, whose seropositivity rate has risen from 0 to 40% between 1995 and 1997. By using Catrimox to preserve whole-blood RNA at ambient temperature for transportation, HIV-1 envelope V3-V4 sequences were obtained from 36 patients in this group. Analysis of the sequences indicated a homogenous epidemic of subtype C virus, with at least two independent introductions of the virus into the population. Viral diversity was restricted within two transmission subclusters, with the majority of variation occurring in V4. Calculation of the synonymous-to-nonsynonymous mutation ratio (Ks:Ka) across this region showed that significant evolutionary pressure had been experienced during the rapid horizontal spread of the virus in this population, most strongly directed to the region between V3 and V4.

* Corresponding author. Present address: HIV-NAT, Program on AIDS, Thai Red Cross Society, 1871 Rama IV Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand 10330. Phone: 66-2256-4579. Fax: 66-2653-2488. E-mail: oelrichs{at}loxinfo.co.th.

Journal of Virology, February 2000, p. 1149-1157, Vol. 74, No. 3
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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