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Journal of Virology, December 2000, p. 11858-11872, Vol. 74, No. 24
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Evolution of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope during Infection Reveals Molecular Corollaries of Specificity for Coreceptor Utilization and AIDS Pathogenesis

Qin-xue Hu,1,dagger Ashley Perkins Barry,2,Dagger Zi-xuan Wang,1 Shanon M. Connolly,2 Stephen C. Peiper,1 and Michael L. Greenberg2,*

Henry Vogt Cancer Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,1 and Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina2

Received 10 December 1999/Accepted 15 September 2000

The evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection is associated with a shift in the target cell population, driven by variability in coreceptor utilization resulting from diversity in env. To elucidate the potential consequences of these changes for Env-mediated fusion over the course of AIDS, we examined the biological properties of serial viral isolates and determined coreceptor utilization by the products of env cloned from two individuals, followed from the detection of seroconversion throughout the course of their infection. One had a typical course, and the other had an accelerated progression. Early isolates were non-syncytium inducing, and the corresponding Env exclusively utilized CCR5, whereas Env from late phases of infection showed restricted utilization of CXCR4 in both patients. Env from subject SC24, who had a standard progression, demonstrated multitropism, manifested by utilization of CCR3, CXCR4, and CCR5 in the intervening period. In contrast, Env from patient SC51, who experienced early conversion to the syncytium-inducing phenotype, developed dualtropic coreceptor utilization of CCR5 and CXCR4. Genetic analysis of env from each isolate revealed that those with an X4 phenotype formed a distinct subcluster within each subject. Analysis of chimeras constructed from R5 and multispecific env from patient SC24 demonstrated that while the V3 domain played a dominant role in determining coreceptor utilization, sequences in the V4-V5 region also contributed to the latter phenotype. Immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that the hybrid Env proteins were expressed at similar levels. These experiments demonstrate that progression from the R5 to X4 phenotype may occur through a multi- or dual-tropic intermediate and that multiple domains contribute to this process.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Center For AIDS Research, Box 2926, Rm. 113 SORF Bldg., Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. Phone: (919) 681-5598. Fax: (919) 684-4288. E-mail: green030{at}mc.duke.edu.

dagger Present address: Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China.

Dagger Present address: Yerkes Regional Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329.

Journal of Virology, December 2000, p. 11858-11872, Vol. 74, No. 24
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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