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Journal of Virology, November 2000, p. 10371-10380, Vol. 74, No. 22
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Genetic and Biochemical Studies of Poliovirus cis-Acting Replication Element cre in Relation to VPg Uridylylation

Elizabeth Rieder,1 Aniko V. Paul,1 Dong Wook Kim,1,dagger Jacques H. van Boom,2 and Eckard Wimmer1,*

Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794,1 and Gorlaeus Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands2

Received 25 May 2000/Accepted 14 August 2000

In addition to highly conserved stem-loop structures located in the 5'- and 3'-nontranslated regions, genome replication of picornaviruses requires cis-acting RNA elements located in the coding region (termed cre) (K. L. McKnight and S. M. Lemon, J. Virol. 70:1941-1952, 1996; P. E. Lobert, N. Escriou, J. Ruelle, and T. Michiels, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:11560-11565, 1999; I. Goodfellow, Y. Chaudhry, A. Richardson, J. Meredith, J. W. Almond, W. Barclay, and D. J. Evans, J. Virol. 74:4590-4600, 2000). cre elements appear to be essential for minus-strand RNA synthesis by an as-yet-unknown mechanism. We have discovered that the cre element of poliovirus (mapping to the 2C coding region of poliovirus type 1; nucleotides 4444 to 4505 in 2C), which is homologous to the cre element of poliovirus type 3, is preferentially used as a template for the in vitro uridylylation of VPg catalyzed by 3Dpol in a reaction that is greatly stimulated by 3CDpro (A. V. Paul, E. Rieder, D. W. Kim, J. H. van Boom, and E. Wimmer, J. Virol. 74:10359-10370, 2000). Here we report a direct correlation between mutations that eliminate, or severely reduce, the in vitro VPg-uridylylation reaction and produce replication phenotypes in vivo. None of the genetic changes significantly influenced translation or polyprotein processing. A substitution mapping to the first A (A4472C) of a conserved AAACA sequence in the loop of PV-cre(2C) eliminated the ability of the cre RNA to serve as template for VPg uridylylation and abolished RNA infectivity. Mutagenesis of the second A (A4473C; AAACA) severely reduced the yield of VPgpUpU and RNA infectivity was restored only after reversion to the wild-type sequence. The effect of substitution of the third A (A4474G; AAACA) was less severe but reduced both VPg uridylylation and virus yield. Disruption of base pairing within the upper stem region of PV-cre(2C) also affected uridylylation of VPg. Virus derived from transcripts containing mutations in the stem was either viable or quasi-infectious.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5222. Phone: (631) 632-8787. Fax: (631) 632-8891. E-mail: ewimmer{at}ms.cc.sunysb.edu.

dagger Present address: Nucleic Acid Biochemistry Laboratory, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University, Kyunggi-do 440-746, Korea.

Journal of Virology, November 2000, p. 10371-10380, Vol. 74, No. 22
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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