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Journal of Virology, November 2000, p. 9868-9877, Vol. 74, No. 21
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Multiple Blocks to Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Type 1 Replication in Rodent Cells
Paul D.
Bieniasz1,* and
Bryan R.
Cullen2
Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The
Rockefeller University, New York, New York
10016,1 and Howard Hughes Medical
Institute and Department of Genetics, Duke University Medical
Center, Durham, North Carolina 277102
Received 12 June 2000/Accepted 6 August 2000
The recent identification of human gene products that are required
for early steps in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) life
cycle has raised the possibility that rodents might be engineered to
support HIV-1 infection. Therefore, we have examined the ability of
modified mouse, rat, and hamster cell lines to support productive HIV-1
replication. Rodent cells, engineered to support Tat function by stable
expression of a permissive cyclin T1 protein, proved to be able to
support reverse transcription, integration, and early gene expression
at levels comparable to those observed in human cell lines.
Surprisingly, however, levels of CD4- and coreceptor-dependent virus
entry were reduced to a variable but significant extent in both mouse
and rat fibroblast cell lines. Additional posttranscriptional defects
were observed, including a reduced level of unspliced HIV-1 genomic RNA
and reduced structural gene expression. Furthermore, the HIV-1 Gag
precursor is generally inefficiently processed and is poorly secreted
from mouse and rat cells in a largely noninfectious form. These
posttranscriptional defects, together, resulted in a dramatically
reduced yield of infectious virus (up to 10,000-fold) over a single
cycle of HIV-1 replication, as compared to human cells. Interestingly,
these defects were less pronounced in one hamster cell line, CHO, which not only was able to produce infectious HIV-1 particles at a level close to that observed in human cells, but also could support transient, low-level HIV-1 replication. Importantly, the blocks to
infectious virus production in mouse and rat cells are recessive, since
they can be substantially suppressed by fusion with uninfected human
cells. These studies imply the existence of one or more human gene
products, either lacking or nonfunctional in most rodent cells that are
critical for infectious HIV-1 virion morphogenesis.
*
Corresponding author. Mailing address: Aaron Diamond
AIDS Research Center, 455 First Ave., New York, NY 10016. Phone: (212) 448-5070. Fax: (212) 448-5159. E-mail:
pbienias{at}adarc.adarc.org.
Journal of Virology, November 2000, p. 9868-9877, Vol. 74, No. 21
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
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