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Journal of Virology, August 2000, p. 7085-7095, Vol. 74, No. 15
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

The First Step of Adenovirus Type 2 Disassembly Occurs at the Cell Surface, Independently of Endocytosis and Escape to the Cytosol

M. Y. Nakano, K. Boucke, M. Suomalainen,dagger R. P. Stidwill, and U. F. Greber*

Institute of Zoology, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland

Received 24 February 2000/Accepted 28 April 2000

Disassembly is a key event of virus entry into cells. Here, we have investigated cellular requirements for the first step of adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) disassembly, the release of the fibers. Although fiber release coincides temporally with virus uptake, fiber release is not required for Ad2 endocytosis. It is, however, inhibited by actin-disrupting agents or soluble RGD peptides, which interfere with integrin-dependent endocytosis of Ad2. Fiber release occurs at the cell surface. Actin stabilization with jasplakinolide blocks Ad2 entry at extended cell surface invaginations and efficiently promotes fiber release, indicating that fiber release and virus endocytosis are independent events. Fiber release is not sufficient for Ad2 escape from endosomes, since inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) prevents Ad2 escape from endosomes but does not affect virus internalization or fiber release. PKC-inhibited cells accumulate Ad2 in small vesicles near the cell periphery, indicating that PKC is also required for membrane trafficking of virus. Taken together, our data show that fiber release from incoming Ad2 requires integrins and filamentous actin. Together with correct subcellular transport of Ad2-containing endosomes, fiber release is essential for efficient delivery of virus to the cytosol. We speculate that fiber release at the surface might extend the host range of Ad2 since it is associated with the separation of a small fraction of incoming virus from the target cells.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland. Phone: 41 1 635 4841. Fax: 41 1 635 6822. E-mail: ufgreber{at}zool.unizh.ch.

dagger Present address: Department of Biosciences at Novum, Section of Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, S-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden.

Journal of Virology, August 2000, p. 7085-7095, Vol. 74, No. 15
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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