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Journal of Virology, August 2000, p. 7048-7054, Vol. 74, No. 15
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

DNA Vaccines Encoding Viral Glycoproteins Induce Nonspecific Immunity and Mx Protein Synthesis in Fish†

Carol H. Kim,Dagger Marc C. Johnson, John D. Drennan, Benjamin E. Simon, Estela Thomann, and Jo-Ann C. Leong*

Department of Microbiology, Center for Salmon Disease Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331

Received 20 December 1999/Accepted 10 May 2000

Protective immunity by vaccination with plasmid DNA encoding a viral glycoprotein (G) has long been assumed to result from the induction of a specific immune response. We report here that the initial protection may be due to the induction of alpha/beta interferon, with long-term protection due to a specific response to the encoded viral G. DNA vaccines encoding the Gs of three serologically unrelated fish rhabdoviruses were used to vaccinate rainbow trout against a lethal challenge with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). All three vaccines, each encoding the G gene of either IHNV (IHNV-G), snakehead rhabdovirus (SHRV) (SHRV-G), or spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) (SVCV-G), elicited protective immunity against IHNV. Vaccinated fish were challenged at 30 or 70 days postvaccination with lethal doses of IHNV. At 30 days postvaccination, only 5% of fish that had received any of the G vaccines died, whereas more than 50% of the control fish succumbed to virus challenge. When fish were vaccinated and challenged at 70 days postvaccination, only 12% of the IHNV-G-vaccinated fish died compared to 68% for the SHRV-G- and 76% for the SVCV-G-vaccinated fish. Assays for trout Mx protein, an indicator of alpha/beta interferon induction, showed that only fish vaccinated with a G-containing plasmid produced high levels of Mx protein in the kidneys and liver. Interestingly, at day 7 after virus challenge, all of the fish vaccinated with the IHNV-G plasmid were negative for Mx, but the SHRV-G- and SVCV-G-vaccinated fish still showed detectable levels of Mx. These results suggest that DNA vaccines in fish induce an early, nonspecific antiviral protection mediated by an alpha/beta interferon and, later, a specific immune response.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology, 220 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331. Phone: (541) 737-1834. Fax: (541) 737-0496. E-mail: leongj{at}orst.edu.

dagger Oregon State University Agriculture Experiment Station Technical paper 11,686.

Dagger Present address: Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469.

Journal of Virology, August 2000, p. 7048-7054, Vol. 74, No. 15
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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