This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow E-mail this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Bergmann, M.
Right arrow Articles by Muster, T.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Bergmann, M.
Right arrow Articles by Muster, T.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Journal of Virology, July 2000, p. 6203-6206, Vol. 74, No. 13
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Influenza Virus NS1 Protein Counteracts PKR-Mediated Inhibition of Replication

Michael Bergmann,1 Adolfo Garcia-Sastre,2 Elena Carnero,2 Hubert Pehamberger,3 Klaus Wolff,3 Peter Palese,2 and Thomas Muster3,*

Department of Surgery1 and Department of Dermatology,3 University of Vienna Medical School, 1090 Vienna, Austria, and Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York 100292

Received 29 December 1999/Accepted 7 April 2000

The availability of an influenza virus NS1 gene knockout virus (delNS1 virus) allowed us to establish the significance of the biological relationship between the influenza virus NS1 protein and double-stranded-RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) in the life cycle and pathogenicity of influenza virus. Our results show that the lack of functional PKR permits the delNS1 virus to replicate in otherwise nonpermissive hosts, suggesting that the major function of the influenza virus NS1 protein is to counteract or prevent the PKR-mediated antiviral response.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Dermatology, University of Vienna Medical School, 1090 Vienna, Austria. Phone: 43-1-40400-5441. Fax: 43-1-40400-7790. E-mail: Thomas.Muster{at}Akh-Wien.ac.at.

Journal of Virology, July 2000, p. 6203-6206, Vol. 74, No. 13
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Ma, W., Brenner, D., Wang, Z., Dauber, B., Ehrhardt, C., Hogner, K., Herold, S., Ludwig, S., Wolff, T., Yu, K., Richt, J. A., Planz, O., Pleschka, S. (2010). The NS Segment of an H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) Is Sufficient To Alter Replication Efficiency, Cell Tropism, and Host Range of an H7N1 HPAIV. J. Virol. 84: 2122-2133 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kochs, G., Martinez-Sobrido, L., Lienenklaus, S., Weiss, S., Garcia-Sastre, A., Staeheli, P. (2009). Strong interferon-inducing capacity of a highly virulent variant of influenza A virus strain PR8 with deletions in the NS1 gene. J. Gen. Virol. 90: 2990-2994 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Billharz, R., Zeng, H., Proll, S. C., Korth, M. J., Lederer, S., Albrecht, R., Goodman, A. G., Rosenzweig, E., Tumpey, T. M., Garcia-Sastre, A., Katze, M. G. (2009). The NS1 Protein of the 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus Blocks Host Interferon and Lipid Metabolism Pathways. J. Virol. 83: 10557-10570 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • McLean, J. E., Datan, E., Matassov, D., Zakeri, Z. F. (2009). Lack of Bax Prevents Influenza A Virus-Induced Apoptosis and Causes Diminished Viral Replication. J. Virol. 83: 8233-8246 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • de Vries, W., Haasnoot, J., Fouchier, R., de Haan, P., Berkhout, B. (2009). Differential RNA silencing suppression activity of NS1 proteins from different influenza A virus strains. J. Gen. Virol. 90: 1916-1922 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Haye, K., Burmakina, S., Moran, T., Garcia-Sastre, A., Fernandez-Sesma, A. (2009). The NS1 Protein of a Human Influenza Virus Inhibits Type I Interferon Production and the Induction of Antiviral Responses in Primary Human Dendritic and Respiratory Epithelial Cells. J. Virol. 83: 6849-6862 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Habjan, M., Pichlmair, A., Elliott, R. M., Overby, A. K., Glatter, T., Gstaiger, M., Superti-Furga, G., Unger, H., Weber, F. (2009). NSs Protein of Rift Valley Fever Virus Induces the Specific Degradation of the Double-Stranded RNA-Dependent Protein Kinase. J. Virol. 83: 4365-4375 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Xing, Z., Cardona, C. J., Adams, S., Yang, Z., Li, J., Perez, D., Woolcock, P. R. (2009). Differential regulation of antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines and suppression of Fas-mediated apoptosis by NS1 of H9N2 avian influenza virus in chicken macrophages. J. Gen. Virol. 90: 1109-1118 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kakugawa, S., Shimojima, M., Goto, H., Horimoto, T., Oshimori, N., Neumann, G., Yamamoto, T., Kawaoka, Y. (2009). Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Activated Kinase RSK2 Plays a Role in Innate Immune Responses to Influenza Virus Infection. J. Virol. 83: 2510-2517 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hu, W., Hofstetter, W., Wei, X., Guo, W., Zhou, Y., Pataer, A., Li, H., Fang, B., Swisher, S. G. (2009). Double-Stranded RNA-Dependent Protein Kinase-Dependent Apoptosis Induction by a Novel Small Compound. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 328: 866-872 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Schneider, J., Dauber, B., Melen, K., Julkunen, I., Wolff, T. (2009). Analysis of Influenza B Virus NS1 Protein Trafficking Reveals a Novel Interaction with Nuclear Speckle Domains. J. Virol. 83: 701-711 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hai, R., Martinez-Sobrido, L., Fraser, K. A., Ayllon, J., Garcia-Sastre, A., Palese, P. (2008). Influenza B Virus NS1-Truncated Mutants: Live-Attenuated Vaccine Approach. J. Virol. 82: 10580-10590 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hale, B. G., Randall, R. E., Ortin, J., Jackson, D. (2008). The multifunctional NS1 protein of influenza A viruses. J. Gen. Virol. 89: 2359-2376 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Jackson, D., Hossain, Md. J., Hickman, D., Perez, D. R., Lamb, R. A. (2008). A new influenza virus virulence determinant: The NS1 protein four C-terminal residues modulate pathogenicity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 4381-4386 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gainey, M. D., Dillon, P. J., Clark, K. M., Manuse, M. J., Parks, G. D. (2008). Paramyxovirus-Induced Shutoff of Host and Viral Protein Synthesis: Role of the P and V Proteins in Limiting PKR Activation. J. Virol. 82: 828-839 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Zhu, Q., Yang, H., Chen, W., Cao, W., Zhong, G., Jiao, P., Deng, G., Yu, K., Yang, C., Bu, Z., Kawaoka, Y., Chen, H. (2008). A Naturally Occurring Deletion in Its NS Gene Contributes to the Attenuation of an H5N1 Swine Influenza Virus in Chickens. J. Virol. 82: 220-228 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Newby, C. M., Sabin, L., Pekosz, A. (2007). The RNA Binding Domain of Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein Affects Secretion of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, Interleukin-6, and Interferon in Primary Murine Tracheal Epithelial Cells. J. Virol. 81: 9469-9480 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kochs, G., Garcia-Sastre, A., Martinez-Sobrido, L. (2007). Multiple Anti-Interferon Actions of the Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein. J. Virol. 81: 7011-7021 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kochs, G., Koerner, I., Thiel, L., Kothlow, S., Kaspers, B., Ruggli, N., Summerfield, A., Pavlovic, J., Stech, J., Staeheli, P. (2007). Properties of H7N7 influenza A virus strain SC35M lacking interferon antagonist NS1 in mice and chickens. J. Gen. Virol. 88: 1403-1409 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ostertag, D., Hoblitzell-Ostertag, T. M., Perrault, J. (2007). Overproduction of Double-Stranded RNA in Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Infected Cells Activates a Constitutive Cell-Type-Specific Antiviral Response. J. Virol. 81: 503-513 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mibayashi, M., Martinez-Sobrido, L., Loo, Y.-M., Cardenas, W. B., Gale, M. Jr., Garcia-Sastre, A. (2007). Inhibition of Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene I-Mediated Induction of Beta Interferon by the NS1 Protein of Influenza A Virus. J. Virol. 81: 514-524 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kopecky-Bromberg, S. A., Martinez-Sobrido, L., Frieman, M., Baric, R. A., Palese, P. (2007). Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Open Reading Frame (ORF) 3b, ORF 6, and Nucleocapsid Proteins Function as Interferon Antagonists. J. Virol. 81: 548-557 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Garcia, M. A., Gil, J., Ventoso, I., Guerra, S., Domingo, E., Rivas, C., Esteban, M. (2006). Impact of Protein Kinase PKR in Cell Biology: from Antiviral to Antiproliferative Action. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 70: 1032-1060 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ferko, B., Kittel, C., Romanova, J., Sereinig, S., Katinger, H., Egorov, A. (2006). Live Attenuated Influenza Virus Expressing Human Interleukin-2 Reveals Increased Immunogenic Potential in Young and Aged Hosts. J. Virol. 80: 11621-11627 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Dauber, B., Schneider, J., Wolff, T. (2006). Double-Stranded RNA Binding of Influenza B Virus Nonstructural NS1 Protein Inhibits Protein Kinase R but Is Not Essential To Antagonize Production of Alpha/Beta Interferon. J. Virol. 80: 11667-11677 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Nakatsu, Y., Takeda, M., Ohno, S., Koga, R., Yanagi, Y. (2006). Translational Inhibition and Increased Interferon Induction in Cells Infected with C Protein-Deficient Measles Virus. J. Virol. 80: 11861-11867 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Richt, J. A., Lekcharoensuk, P., Lager, K. M., Vincent, A. L., Loiacono, C. M., Janke, B. H., Wu, W.-H., Yoon, K.-J., Webby, R. J., Solorzano, A., Garcia-Sastre, A. (2006). Vaccination of Pigs against Swine Influenza Viruses by Using an NS1-Truncated Modified Live-Virus Vaccine. J. Virol. 80: 11009-11018 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fernandez-Sesma, A., Marukian, S., Ebersole, B. J., Kaminski, D., Park, M.-S., Yuen, T., Sealfon, S. C., Garcia-Sastre, A., Moran, T. M. (2006). Influenza Virus Evades Innate and Adaptive Immunity via the NS1 Protein. J. Virol. 80: 6295-6304 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Cardenas, W. B., Loo, Y.-M., Gale, M. Jr., Hartman, A. L., Kimberlin, C. R., Martinez-Sobrido, L., Saphire, E. O., Basler, C. F. (2006). Ebola Virus VP35 Protein Binds Double-Stranded RNA and Inhibits Alpha/Beta Interferon Production Induced by RIG-I Signaling. J. Virol. 80: 5168-5178 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Weber, F., Wagner, V., Rasmussen, S. B., Hartmann, R., Paludan, S. R. (2006). Double-Stranded RNA Is Produced by Positive-Strand RNA Viruses and DNA Viruses but Not in Detectable Amounts by Negative-Strand RNA Viruses. J. Virol. 80: 5059-5064 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ventoso, I., Sanz, M. A., Molina, S., Berlanga, J. J., Carrasco, L., Esteban, M. (2006). Translational resistance of late alphavirus mRNA to eIF2{alpha} phosphorylation: a strategy to overcome the antiviral effect of protein kinase PKR. Genes Dev. 20: 87-100 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Garaigorta, U., Falcon, A. M., Ortin, J. (2005). Genetic Analysis of Influenza Virus NS1 Gene: a Temperature-Sensitive Mutant Shows Defective Formation of Virus Particles. J. Virol. 79: 15246-15257 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Solorzano, A., Webby, R. J., Lager, K. M., Janke, B. H., Garcia-Sastre, A., Richt, J. A. (2005). Mutations in the NS1 Protein of Swine Influenza Virus Impair Anti-Interferon Activity and Confer Attenuation in Pigs. J. Virol. 79: 7535-7543 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mozdzanowska, K., Furchner, M., Zharikova, D., Feng, J., Gerhard, W. (2005). Roles of CD4+ T-Cell-Independent and -Dependent Antibody Responses in the Control of Influenza Virus Infection: Evidence for Noncognate CD4+ T-Cell Activities That Enhance the Therapeutic Activity of Antiviral Antibodies. J. Virol. 79: 5943-5951 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Marcus, P. I., Rojek, J. M., Sekellick, M. J. (2005). Interferon Induction and/or Production and Its Suppression by Influenza A Viruses. J. Virol. 79: 2880-2890 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Stasakova, J., Ferko, B., Kittel, C., Sereinig, S., Romanova, J., Katinger, H., Egorov, A. (2005). Influenza A mutant viruses with altered NS1 protein function provoke caspase-1 activation in primary human macrophages, resulting in fast apoptosis and release of high levels of interleukins 1{beta} and 18. J. Gen. Virol. 86: 185-195 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ferko, B., Stasakova, J., Romanova, J., Kittel, C., Sereinig, S., Katinger, H., Egorov, A. (2004). Immunogenicity and Protection Efficacy of Replication-Deficient Influenza A Viruses with Altered NS1 Genes. J. Virol. 78: 13037-13045 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kash, J. C., Basler, C. F., Garcia-Sastre, A., Carter, V., Billharz, R., Swayne, D. E., Przygodzki, R. M., Taubenberger, J. K., Katze, M. G., Tumpey, T. M. (2004). Global Host Immune Response: Pathogenesis and Transcriptional Profiling of Type A Influenza Viruses Expressing the Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Genes from the 1918 Pandemic Virus. J. Virol. 78: 9499-9511 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Jing, X., Cerveny, M., Yang, K., He, B. (2004). Replication of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Depends on the {gamma}134.5 Functions That Facilitate Virus Response to Interferon and Egress in the Different Stages of Productive Infection. J. Virol. 78: 7653-7666 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Falcon, A. M., Marion, R. M., Zurcher, T., Gomez, P., Portela, A., Nieto, A., Ortin, J. (2004). Defective RNA Replication and Late Gene Expression in Temperature-Sensitive Influenza Viruses Expressing Deleted Forms of the NS1 Protein. J. Virol. 78: 3880-3888 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bucher, E., Hemmes, H., de Haan, P., Goldbach, R., Prins, M. (2004). The influenza A virus NS1 protein binds small interfering RNAs and suppresses RNA silencing in plants. J. Gen. Virol. 85: 983-991 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Dauber, B., Heins, G., Wolff, T. (2004). The Influenza B Virus Nonstructural NS1 Protein Is Essential for Efficient Viral Growth and Antagonizes Beta Interferon Induction. J. Virol. 78: 1865-1872 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Message, S. D., Johnston, S. L. (2004). Host defense function of the airway epithelium in health and disease: clinical background. J. Leukoc. Biol. 75: 5-17 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Donelan, N. R., Basler, C. F., Garcia-Sastre, A. (2003). A Recombinant Influenza A Virus Expressing an RNA-Binding-Defective NS1 Protein Induces High Levels of Beta Interferon and Is Attenuated in Mice. J. Virol. 77: 13257-13266 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Streitenfeld, H., Boyd, A., Fazakerley, J. K., Bridgen, A., Elliott, R. M., Weber, F. (2003). Activation of PKR by Bunyamwera Virus Is Independent of the Viral Interferon Antagonist NSs. J. Virol. 77: 5507-5511 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Park, M.-S., Shaw, M. L., Munoz-Jordan, J., Cros, J. F., Nakaya, T., Bouvier, N., Palese, P., Garcia-Sastre, A., Basler, C. F. (2003). Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)-Based Assay Demonstrates Interferon-Antagonist Activity for the NDV V Protein and the Nipah Virus V, W, and C Proteins. J. Virol. 77: 1501-1511 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wang, X., Basler, C. F., Williams, B. R. G., Silverman, R. H., Palese, P., Garcia-Sastre, A. (2002). Functional Replacement of the Carboxy-Terminal Two-Thirds of the Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein with Short Heterologous Dimerization Domains. J. Virol. 76: 12951-12962 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Neumann, G., Whitt, M. A., Kawaoka, Y. (2002). A decade after the generation of a negative-sense RNA virus from cloned cDNA - what have we learned?. J. Gen. Virol. 83: 2635-2662 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ludwig, S., Wang, X., Ehrhardt, C., Zheng, H., Donelan, N., Planz, O., Pleschka, S., Garcia-Sastre, A., Heins, G., Wolff, T. (2002). The Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein Inhibits Activation of Jun N-Terminal Kinase and AP-1 Transcription Factors. J. Virol. 76: 11166-11171 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kash, J. C., Cunningham, D. M., Smit, M. W., Park, Y., Fritz, D., Wilusz, J., Katze, M. G. (2002). Selective Translation of Eukaryotic mRNAs: Functional Molecular Analysis of GRSF-1, a Positive Regulator of Influenza Virus Protein Synthesis. J. Virol. 76: 10417-10426 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mahalingam, S., Lidbury, B. A. (2002). Suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced antiviral transcription factor (STAT-1 and NF-kappa B) complexes by antibody-dependent enhancement of macrophage infection by Ross River virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 13819-13824 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tan, S.-L., Tareen, S. U., Melville, M. W., Blakely, C. M., Katze, M. G. (2002). The Direct Binding of the Catalytic Subunit of Protein Phosphatase 1 to the PKR Protein Kinase Is Necessary but Not Sufficient for Inactivation and Disruption of Enzyme Dimer Formation. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 36109-36117 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mahalingam, S., Meanger, J., Foster, P. S., Lidbury, B. A. (2002). The viral manipulation of the host cellular and immune environments to enhance propagation and survival: a focus on RNA viruses. J. Leukoc. Biol. 72: 429-439 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Geiss, G. K., Salvatore, M., Tumpey, T. M., Carter, V. S., Wang, X., Basler, C. F., Taubenberger, J. K., Bumgarner, R. E., Palese, P., Katze, M. G., Garcia-Sastre, A. (2002). Cellular transcriptional profiling in influenza A virus-infected lung epithelial cells: The role of the nonstructural NS1 protein in the evasion of the host innate defense and its potential contribution to pandemic influenza. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 10736-10741 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kim, M.-J., Latham, A. G., Krug, R. M. (2002). Human influenza viruses activate an interferon-independent transcription of cellular antiviral genes: Outcome with influenza A virus is unique. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 10096-10101 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Parisien, J.-P., Lau, J. F., Rodriguez, J. J., Ulane, C. M., Horvath, C. M. (2002). Selective STAT Protein Degradation Induced by Paramyxoviruses Requires both STAT1 and STAT2 but Is Independent of Alpha/Beta Interferon Signal Transduction. J. Virol. 76: 4190-4198 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Zhirnov, O. P., Konakova, T. E., Wolff, T., Klenk, H.-D. (2002). NS1 Protein of Influenza A Virus Down-Regulates Apoptosis. J. Virol. 76: 1617-1625 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Salvatore, M., Basler, C. F., Parisien, J.-P., Horvath, C. M., Bourmakina, S., Zheng, H., Muster, T., Palese, P., Garcia-Sastre, A. (2002). Effects of Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein on Protein Expression: the NS1 Protein Enhances Translation and Is Not Required for Shutoff of Host Protein Synthesis. J. Virol. 76: 1206-1212 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bergmann, M., Romirer, I., Sachet, M., Fleischhacker, R., Garcia-Sastre, A., Palese, P., Wolff, K., Pehamberger, H., Jakesz, R., Muster, T. (2001). A Genetically Engineered Influenza A Virus with ras-Dependent Oncolytic Properties. Cancer Res. 61: 8188-8193 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Samuel, C. E. (2001). Antiviral Actions of Interferons. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14: 778-809 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Schweizer, M., Peterhans, E. (2001). Noncytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Inhibits Double-Stranded RNA-Induced Apoptosis and Interferon Synthesis. J. Virol. 75: 4692-4698 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Geiss, G. K., An, M. C., Bumgarner, R. E., Hammersmark, E., Cunningham, D., Katze, M. G. (2001). Global Impact of Influenza Virus on Cellular Pathways Is Mediated by both Replication-Dependent and -Independent Events. J. Virol. 75: 4321-4331 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Jungmann, A., Nieper, H., Müller, H. (2001). Apoptosis is induced by infectious bursal disease virus replication in productively infected cells as well as in antigen-negative cells in their vicinity. J. Gen. Virol. 82: 1107-1115 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Basler, C. F., Reid, A. H., Dybing, J. K., Janczewski, T. A., Fanning, T. G., Zheng, H., Salvatore, M., Perdue, M. L., Swayne, D. E., Garcia-Sastre, A., Palese, P., Taubenberger, J. K. (2001). From the Cover: Sequence of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus nonstructural gene (NS) segment and characterization of recombinant viruses bearing the 1918 NS genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 2746-2751 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bouloy, M., Janzen, C., Vialat, P., Khun, H., Pavlovic, J., Huerre, M., Haller, O. (2001). Genetic Evidence for an Interferon-Antagonistic Function of Rift Valley Fever Virus Nonstructural Protein NSs. J. Virol. 75: 1371-1377 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wang, X., Li, M., Zheng, H., Muster, T., Palese, P., Beg, A. A., Garcia-Sastre, A. (2000). Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein Prevents Activation of NF-kappa B and Induction of Alpha/Beta Interferon. J. Virol. 74: 11566-11573 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Zurcher, T., Marion, R. M., Ortin, J. (2000). Protein Synthesis Shut-Off Induced by Influenza Virus Infection Is Independent of PKR Activity. J. Virol. 74: 8781-8784 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Talon, J., Horvath, C. M., Polley, R., Basler, C. F., Muster, T., Palese, P., Garcia-Sastre, A. (2000). Activation of Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 Is Inhibited by the Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein. J. Virol. 74: 7989-7996 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


Copyright © 2010 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»