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Journal of Virology, September 1999, p. 7860-7865, Vol. 73, No. 9
0022-538X/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

A New Group of Hepadnaviruses Naturally Infecting Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)

Kristin S. Warren,1,2 Jonathan L. Heeney,3,* Ralph A. Swan,1 Heriyanto,4 and Ernst J. Verschoor3

Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia1; Wanariset Orangutan Reintroduction Centre,2 and Department of Animal Quarantine,4 East Kalimantan, Indonesia; and Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands3

Received 21 December 1998/Accepted 14 May 1999

A high prevalence (42.6%) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was suspected in 195 formerly captive orangutans due to a large number of serum samples which cross-reacted with human HBV antigens. It was assumed that such viral infections were contracted from humans during captivity. However, two wild orangutans were identified which were HBV surface antigen positive, indicating that HBV or related viruses may be occurring naturally in the orangutan populations. Sequence analyses of seven isolates revealed that orangutans were infected with hepadnaviruses but that these were clearly divergent from the six known human HBV genotypes and those of other nonhuman hepadnaviruses reported. Phylogenetic analyses revealed geographic clustering with Southeast Asian genotype C viruses and gibbon ape HBV. This implies a common origin of infection within this geographic region, with cross-species transmission of hepadnaviruses among hominoids.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Biomedical Primate Research Center (BPRC), Department of Virology, P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands. Phone: 31-15-284-2661. Fax: 31-15-284-3986. E-mail: heeney{at}bprc.nl.

Journal of Virology, September 1999, p. 7860-7865, Vol. 73, No. 9
0022-538X/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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