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Journal of Virology, September 1999, p. 7241-7247, Vol. 73, No. 9
0022-538X/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Effect of Retreatment with Interferon Alone or Interferon plus Ribavirin on Hepatitis C Virus Quasispecies Diversification in Nonresponder Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C

Martina Gerotto,1 Daniel G. Sullivan,2 Stephen J. Polyak,2 Liliana Chemello,1 Luisa Cavalletto,1 Patrizia Pontisso,1 Alfredo Alberti,1,* and David R. Gretch2,3

Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy,1 and Departments of Laboratory Medicine2 and Medicine,3 University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

Received 4 February 1999/Accepted 27 May 1999

Alpha interferon (IFN-alpha ) treatment is effective on a long-term basis in only 15 to 25% of patients with chronic hepatitis C. The results of recent trials indicate that response rates can be significantly increased when IFN-alpha is given in combination with ribavirin. However, a large number of patients do not respond even to combination therapy. Nonresponsiveness to IFN is characterized by evolution of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) quasispecies. Little is known about the changes occurring within the HCV genomes when nonresponder patients are retreated with IFN or with IFN plus ribavirin. In the present study we have examined the genetic divergence of HCV quasispecies during unsuccessful retreatment with IFN or IFN plus ribavirin. Fifteen nonresponder patients with HCV-1 (4 patients with HCV-1a and 11 patients with HCV-1b) infection were studied while being retreated for 2 months (phase 1) with IFN-alpha (6 MU given three times a week), followed by IFN plus ribavirin or IFN alone for an additional 6 months (phase 2). HCV quasispecies diversification in the E2 hypervariable region-1 (HVR1) and in the putative NS5A IFN sensitivity determining region (ISDR) were analyzed for phase 1 and phase 2 by using the heteroduplex tracking assay and clonal frequency analysis techniques. A major finding of this study was the relatively rapid evolution of the HCV quasispecies observed in both treatment groups during the early phase 1 compared to the late phase 2 of treatment. The rate of quasispecies diversification in HVR1 was significantly higher during phase 1 versus phase 2 both in patients who received IFN plus ribavirin (P = 0.017) and in patients who received IFN alone (P = 0.05). A trend toward higher rates of quasispecies evolution in the ISDR was also observed during phase 1 in both groups, although the results did not reach statistical significance. However, the NS5A quasispecies appeared to be rather homogeneous and stable in most nonresponder patients, suggesting the presence of a single well-fit major variant, resistant to antiviral treatment, in agreement with published data which have identified an IFN sensitivity determinant region within the NS5A. During the entire 8 months of retreatment, there was no difference in the rate of fixation of mutation between patients who received combination therapy and patients who were treated with IFN alone, suggesting that ribavirin had no major effects on the evolution of the HCV quasispecies after the initial 2 months of IFN therapy.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, Padua 35128, Italy. Phone: 390-49-8212294. Fax: 390-49-8211826. E-mail: labepvir{at}ux1.unipd.it.

Journal of Virology, September 1999, p. 7241-7247, Vol. 73, No. 9
0022-538X/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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