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Journal of Virology, June 1999, p. 4952-4961, Vol. 73, No. 6
0022-538X/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Highly Attenuated Vaccine Strains of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Protect against Vaginal Challenge: Inverse Relationship of Degree of Protection with Level of Attenuation

R. Paul Johnson,1 Jeffrey D. Lifson,2 Susan C. Czajak,1 Kelly Stefano Cole,3 Kelledy H. Manson,4 Rhona Glickman,1 Janet Yang,1 David C. Montefiori,5 Ronald Montelaro,3 Michael S. Wyand,4 and Ronald C. Desrosiers1,*

New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-91021; NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, Maryland 217012; Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 152613; Primedica, Worcester, Massachusetts 016084; and Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 277105

Received 2 December 1998/Accepted 26 February 1999

Three different deletion mutants of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that vary in their levels of attenuation were tested for the ability to protect against mucosal challenge with pathogenic SIV. Four female rhesus monkeys were vaccinated by intravenous inoculation with SIVmac239Delta 3, four with SIVmac239Delta 3X, and four with SIVmac239Delta 4. These three vaccine strains exhibit increasing levels of attenuation: Delta 3 < Delta 3X <Delta 4. The vaccinated monkeys were challenged by vaginal exposure to uncloned, pathogenic SIVmac251 at 61 weeks after the time of vaccination. On the basis of viral RNA loads in plasma, cell-associated virus loads in peripheral blood, and CD4 cell counts, strong protective effects were observed in all three groups of vaccinated monkeys. However, the degree of protection correlated inversely with the level of attenuation; the least-attenuated strain, SIVmac239Delta 3, gave the greatest protection. One monkey in the Delta 3X group and two in the Delta 4 group clearly became superinfected by the challenge virus, but these animals had levels of SIV RNA in plasma that were considerably lower than those of naive animals that were challenged in parallel. Protection against vaginal challenge appears easier to achieve than protection against intravenous challenge, since four other SIVmac239Delta 4-vaccinated monkeys showed no protection when challenged intravenously with a much lower inoculum of the same challenge virus stock. Protection against vaginal challenge in the Delta 4-vaccinated group occurred in the absence of detectable serum neutralizing activities and appeared to be associated with the development of an early SIV-specific cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte response. Our results demonstrate that mucosal protection can be achieved by systemic immunization with the highly attenuated SIVmac239Delta 4 more than 1 year prior to the time of challenge.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, One Pine Hill Dr., P.O. Box 9102, Southborough, MA 01772-9102. Phone: (508) 624-8042. Fax: (508) 624-8190. E-mail: ronald_desrosiers{at}hms.harvard.edu.

Journal of Virology, June 1999, p. 4952-4961, Vol. 73, No. 6
0022-538X/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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