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Journal of Virology, February 1999, p. 897-906, Vol. 73, No. 2
0022-538X/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Apoptosis Induced by Infection of Primary Brain Cultures with Diverse Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates: Evidence for a Role of the Envelope

Asa Ohagen,1,2 Sajal Ghosh,3 Jianglin He,1,2 Karen Huang,1 Youzhi Chen,1,2 Menglan Yuan,4 Rapin Osathanondh,5 Suzanne Gartner,6 Bin Shi,1,2 George Shaw,3 and Dana Gabuzda1,7,*

Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,1 Departments of Pathology2 and Neurology,7 Harvard Medical School, Division of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital Medical Center,4 and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School,5 Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama3; and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland6

Received 2 June 1998/Accepted 15 October 1998

Apoptosis of neurons and astrocytes is induced by human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) infection in vitro and has been demonstrated in brain tissue from patients with AIDS. We analyzed a panel of diverse HIV-1 primary isolates for the ability to replicate and induce neuronal and astrocyte apoptosis in primary human brain cultures. Apoptosis was induced three- to eightfold by infection with the blood-derived HIV-1 isolates 89.6, SG3, and ADA. In contrast, the brain-derived HIV-1 isolates YU2, JRFL, DS-br, RC-br, and KJ-br did not induce significant levels of apoptosis. The ability of HIV-1 isolates to induce apoptosis was independent of their replication capacity. Studies of recombinant chimeras between the SG3 and YU2 viruses showed that replacement of the YU2 Env with the SG3 Env was sufficient to confer the ability to induce apoptosis to the YU2 virus. Replacement of the Env V3 regions alone largely conferred the phenotypes of the parental clones. The SG3 Env used CXCR4 and CCR3 as coreceptors for virus entry, whereas YU2 used CCR5 and CCR3. The V3 regions of SG3 and YU2 conferred the ability to use CXCR4 and CCR5, respectively. In contrast, the 3' region of Env, particularly the C3V4 region, was required in conjunction with the V3 region for efficient use of CCR3. These results provide evidence that Env is a major determinant of neurodegenerative mechanisms associated with HIV-1 infection in vitro and raise the possibility that blood-derived viruses which emerge during the late stages of disease may affect disease progression in the central nervous system.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, JFB712, 44 Binney St., Boston, MA 02115. Phone: (617) 632-2154. Fax: (617) 632-3113. E-mail: dana_gabuzda{at}dfci.harvard.edu.

Journal of Virology, February 1999, p. 897-906, Vol. 73, No. 2
0022-538X/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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