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Journal of Virology, February 1999, p. 1036-1045, Vol. 73, No. 2
0022-538X/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Characterization of a Novel Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) from L'Hoest Monkeys (Cercopithecus l'hoesti): Implications for the Origins of SIVmnd and Other Primate Lentiviruses

Vanessa M. Hirsch,1,* Barbara J. Campbell,1 Elizabeth Bailes,2 Robert Goeken,1 Charles Brown,1 William R. Elkins,3 Michael Axthelm,4 Michael Murphey-Corb,5 and Paul M. Sharp2

Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology1 and Laboratory of Infectious Diseases,3 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852; Division of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Center, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom2; Division of Pathobiology, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 970064; and Department of Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania5

Received 13 August 1998/Accepted 20 October 1998

The human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2) appear to have originated by cross-species transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from asymptomatically infected African primates. Few of the SIVs characterized to date efficiently infect human primary lymphocytes. Interesting, two of the three identified to infect such cultures (SIVsm and SIVcpz) have appeared in human populations as genetically related HIVs. In the present study, we characterized a novel SIV isolate from an East African monkey of the Cercopithecus genus, the l'hoest monkey (C. l'hoesti), which we designated SIVlhoest. This SIV isolate efficiently infected both human and macaque lymphocytes and resulted in a persistent infection of macaques, characterized by high primary virus load and a progressive decline in circulating CD4 lymphocytes, consistent with progression to AIDS. Phylogenetic analyses showed that SIVlhoest is genetically distinct from other previously characterized primate lentiviruses but clusters in the same major lineage as SIV from mandrills (SIVmnd), a West African primate species. Given the geographic distance between the ranges of l'hoest monkeys and mandrills, this may indicate that SIVmnd arose through cross-species transmission from close relatives of l'hoest monkeys that are sympatric with mandrills. These observations lend support to the hypothesis that the primate lentiviruses originated and coevolved within monkeys of the Cercopithecus genus. Regarded in this light, lentivirus infections of primates not belonging to the Cercopithecus genus may have resulted from cross-species transmission in the not-too-distant past.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, 12441 Parklawn Dr., Rockville, MD 20852. Phone: (301) 496-2976. Fax: (301) 480-2618. E-mail: vhirsch{at}nih.gov.

Journal of Virology, February 1999, p. 1036-1045, Vol. 73, No. 2
0022-538X/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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