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Journal of Virology, December 1999, p. 9816-9826, Vol. 73, No. 12
0022-538X/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

The Transcriptional Switch of Bacteriophage WPhi , a P2-Related but Heteroimmune Coliphage

Tao Liu and Elisabeth Haggård-Ljungquist*

Department of Genetics, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden

Received 24 June 1999/Accepted 27 August 1999

Phage WPhi is a member of the nonlambdoid P2 family of temperate phages. The DNA sequence of the whole early-control region and the int and attP region of phage WPhi has been determined. The phage integration site was located at 88.6 min of the Escherichia coli K-12 map, where a 47-nucleotide sequence was found to be identical in the host and phage genomes. The WPhi Int protein belongs to the Int family of site-specific recombinases, and it seems to have the same arm binding recognition sequence as P2 Int, but the core sequence differs. The transcriptional switch contains two face-to-face promoters, Pe and Pc, and two repressors, C and Cox, controlling Pe and Pc, respectively. The early Pe promoter was found to be much stronger than the Pc promoter. Furthermore, the Pe transcript was shown to interfere with Pc transcription. By site-directed mutagenesis, the binding site of the immunity repressor was located to two direct repeats spanning the Pe promoter. A point mutation in one or the other repeat does not affect repression by C, but when it is included in both, C has no effect on the Pe promoter. The Cox repressor efficiently blocks expression from the Pc promoter, but its DNA recognition sequence was not evident. Most members of the P2 family of phages are able to function as helpers for satellite phage P4, which lacks genes encoding structural proteins and packaging and lysis functions. In this work it is shown that P4 E, known to function as an antirepressor by binding to P2 C, also turns the transcriptional switch of WPhi from the lysogenic to the lytic mode. However, in contrast to P2 Cox, WPhi Cox is unable to activate the P4 Pll promoter.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Genetics, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. Phone: 46 8 161270. Fax: 46 8 164315. E-mail: Elisabeth.Haggard{at}genetics.su.se.

Journal of Virology, December 1999, p. 9816-9826, Vol. 73, No. 12
0022-538X/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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