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Journal of Virology, October 1999, p. 8851-8856, Vol. 73, No. 10
0022-538X/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Genetic Reassortment of Avian, Swine, and Human Influenza A Viruses in American Pigs

Nan Nan Zhou,1,2 Dennis A. Senne,3 John S. Landgraf,3 Sabrina L. Swenson,3 Gene Erickson,4 Kurt Rossow,5 Lin Liu,5 Kyoung-jin Yoon,6 Scott Krauss,1 and Robert G. Webster1,*

Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 381051; National Veterinary Services Laboratories, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa 500103; Rollins Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Raleigh, North Carolina 276054; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 551085; Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 500116; and Department of Microbiology, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China2

Received 24 March 1999/Accepted 22 June 1999

In late summer through early winter of 1998, there were several outbreaks of respiratory disease in the swine herds of North Carolina, Texas, Minnesota, and Iowa. Four viral isolates from outbreaks in different states were analyzed genetically. Genotyping and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the four swine viruses had emerged through two different pathways. The North Carolina isolate is the product of genetic reassortment between H3N2 human and classic swine H1N1 influenza viruses, while the others arose from reassortment of human H3N2, classic swine H1N1, and avian viral genes. The hemagglutinin genes of the four isolates were all derived from the human H3N2 virus circulating in 1995. It remains to be determined if either of these recently emerged viruses will become established in the pigs in North America and whether they will become an economic burden.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105. Phone: (901) 495-3400. Fax: (901) 523-2622. E-mail: robert.webster{at}stjude.org.

Journal of Virology, October 1999, p. 8851-8856, Vol. 73, No. 10
0022-538X/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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