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Journal of Virology, October 1999, p. 8356-8363, Vol. 73, No. 10
0022-538X/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Protection by Live, Attenuated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus against Heterologous Challenge

Michael S. Wyand,1 Kelledy Manson,1 David C. Montefiori,2 Jeffrey D. Lifson,3 R. Paul Johnson,4 and Ronald C. Desrosiers4,*

New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-91024; Primedica, Worcester, Massachusetts 016081; Duke University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Durham, North Carolina 277102; and AIDS Vaccine Program, SAIC---Frederick, NCI---Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, Maryland 217013

Received 3 May 1999/Accepted 9 July 1999

We examined the ability of a live, attenuated deletion mutant of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), SIVmac239Delta 3, which is missing nef and vpr genes, to protect against challenge by heterologous strains SHIV89.6p and SIVsmE660. SHIV89.6p is a pathogenic, recombinant SIV in which the envelope gene has been replaced by a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope gene; other structural genes of SHIV89.6p are derived from SIVmac239. SIVsmE660 is an uncloned, pathogenic, independent isolate from the same primate lentivirus subgrouping as SIVmac but with natural sequence variation in all structural genes. The challenge with SHIV89.6p was performed by the intravenous route 37 months after the time of vaccination. By the criteria of CD4+ cell counts and disease, strong protection against the SHIV89.6p challenge was observed in four of four vaccinated monkeys despite the complete mismatch of env sequences. However, SHIV89.6p infection was established in all four previously vaccinated monkeys and three of the four developed fluctuating viral loads between 300 and 10,000 RNA copy equivalents per ml of plasma 30 to 72 weeks postchallenge. When other vaccinated monkeys were challenged with SIVsmE660 at 28 months after the time of vaccination, SIV loads were lower than those observed in unvaccinated controls but the level of protection was less than what was observed against SHIV89.6p in these experiments and considerably less than the level of protection against SIVmac251 observed in previous experiments. These results demonstrate a variable level of vaccine protection by live, attenuated SIVmac239Delta 3 against heterologous virus challenge and suggest that even live, attenuated vaccine approaches for AIDS will face significant hurdles in providing protection against the natural variation present in field strains of virus. The results further suggest that factors other than anti-Env immune responses can be principally responsible for the vaccine protection by live, attenuated SIV.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, One Pine Hill Dr., Box 9102, Southborough, MA 01772-9102. Phone: (508) 624-8042. Fax: (508) 624-8190. E-mail: ronald_desrosiers{at}hms.harvard.edu.

Journal of Virology, October 1999, p. 8356-8363, Vol. 73, No. 10
0022-538X/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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Copyright © 1999 by the American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.