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Journal of Virology, January 1999, p. 855-860, Vol. 73, No. 1
0022-538X/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Rapid Clearance of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Particles from Plasma of Rhesus Macaques

Linqi Zhang,1 Peter J. Dailey,2 Tian He,1 Agegnehu Gettie,1 Sebastian Bonhoeffer,3,4 Alan S. Perelson,5 and David D. Ho1,*

Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York1; Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California2; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom3; Experimental Ecology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland4; and Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico5

Received 1 September 1998/Accepted 22 September 1998

Perturbation of the equilibrium between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and the infected host by administering antiretroviral agents has revealed the rapid turnover of both viral particles and productively infected cells. In this study, we used the infusion of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) particles into rhesus macaques to obtain a more accurate estimate of viral clearance in vivo. Consistently, exogenously infused virions were cleared from plasma with an extremely short half-life, on the order of minutes (a mean of 3.3 min). This new estimate is ~100-fold lower than the upper bound of 6 h previously reported for HIV-1 in infected humans. In select animals, multiple tissues were collected at the completion of each experiment to track the potential sites of virion clearance. Detectable levels of SIV RNA were found in lymph nodes, spleen, lungs, and liver, but not in other tissues examined. However, only ~1 to 10% or less of the infused virions were accounted for by the thorough tissue sampling, indicating that the vast majority of the infused particles must have been degraded over a short period of time. Should the rapid clearance of virions described here be applicable to infected patients, then HIV-1 production and thus the number of productively infected CD4+ T lymphocytes or the viral burst size must be proportionally higher than previous minimal estimates.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, 455 First Ave., Seventh Floor, New York, NY 10016. Phone: (212) 725-0018. Fax: (212) 725-1126. E-mail: dho{at}adarc.org.

Journal of Virology, January 1999, p. 855-860, Vol. 73, No. 1
0022-538X/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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