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J Virol, August 1998, p. 6911-6916, Vol. 72, No. 8
0022-538X/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genome Activation Induced by Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax Protein Is through Cooperation of NF-kappa B and Tat

Hua Cheng, Jennifer Tarnok, and Wade P. Parks*

Department of Microbiology and Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016

Received 29 January 1998/Accepted 16 May 1998

For productive replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in host cells, the viral genome-encoded transactivator Tat and several cellular transcription factors are required for efficient viral gene transcription. However, it remains unclear how the viral genome initiates transcription before Tat is transcribed or when Tat is at suboptimal levels. Here, we utilized the human T-cell leukemia type 1 Tax protein as a molecular tool to investigate the mechanism of viral gene transcription that initiates the early phase of infection of HIV-1. Tax alone does not significantly increase the activity of HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) in T lymphocytes, but it markedly enhanced the replication of an infectious HIV-1 provirus with a truncated nef gene. This enhancement is preferentially mediated by the cooperation of Tax and Tat which is dependent on TAR and duplicated kappa B cis elements of the HIV-1 LTR as well as the NF-kappa B activation domain of Tax. Furthermore, phorbol myristate acetate and membrane-targeted HIV-1 Nef also enhanced the LTR activity in the presence of Tat in the TAR- and kappa B cis element-dependent manner. These data suggest that activated NF-kappa B can functionally interact with a suboptimal amount of Tat and the HIV-1 LTR for efficient initiation of viral gene transcription.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., Room H501A, New York, NY 10016. Phone: (212) 263-6425. Fax: (212) 263-8172. E-mail: PARKSW01{at}MCRCR.MED.NYU.EDU.

J Virol, August 1998, p. 6911-6916, Vol. 72, No. 8
0022-538X/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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