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J Virol, July 1998, p. 6004-6013, Vol. 72, No. 7
0022-538X/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Interaction of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr Protein with the Nuclear Pore Complex

Ron A. M. Fouchier,1 Barbara E. Meyer,1 James H. M. Simon,2 Utz Fischer,1 Andrew V. Albright,3 Francisco González-Scarano,3 and Michael H. Malim1,2,4,*

Howard Hughes Medical Institute1 and Departments of Microbiology,2 Neurology,3 and Medicine,4 University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6148

Received 29 January 1998/Accepted 15 April 1998

The Vpr protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) performs a number of functions that are associated with the nucleus. Vpr enhances the nuclear import of postentry viral nucleoprotein complexes, arrests proliferating cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, and acts as a modest transcriptional activator. For this paper, we have investigated the nuclear import of Vpr. Although Vpr does not encode a sequence that is recognizable as a nuclear localization signal (NLS), Vpr functions as a transferable NLS both in somatic cells and in Xenopus laevis oocytes. In certain contexts, Vpr also mediates substantial accumulation at the nuclear envelope and, in particular, at nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). Consistent with this, Vpr is shown to interact specifically with nucleoporin phenylalanine-glycine (FG)-repeat regions. These findings not only demonstrate that Vpr harbors a bona fide NLS but also raise the possibility that one (or more) of Vpr's functions may take place at the NPC.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6148. Phone: (215) 573-3493. Fax: (215) 573-2172. E-mail: malim{at}hhmi.upenn.edu.

J Virol, July 1998, p. 6004-6013, Vol. 72, No. 7
0022-538X/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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