This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Harrison, G. P.
Right arrow Articles by Lever, A. M. L.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Harrison, G. P.
Right arrow Articles by Lever, A. M. L.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

J Virol, July 1998, p. 5886-5896, Vol. 72, No. 7
0022-538X/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Functional Analysis of the Core Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Packaging Signal in a Permissive Cell Line

Geoffrey P. Harrison,1,dagger Gino Miele,2 Eric Hunter,1 and Andrew M. L. Lever3,*

Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294,1 and Division of Development and Reproduction, Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland EH25 9PS,2 and Cambridge University Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ,3 United Kingdom

Received 11 November 1997/Accepted 15 April 1998

Packaging of type C retrovirus genomic RNAs into budding virions requires a highly specific interaction between the viral Gag precursor and unique cis-acting packaging signals on the full-length RNA genome, allowing the selection of this RNA species from among a pool of spliced viral RNAs and similar cellular RNAs. This process is thought to involve RNA secondary and tertiary structural motifs since there is little conservation of the primary sequence of this region between retroviruses. To confirm RNA secondary structures, which we and others have predicted for this region, disruptive, compensatory, and deletion mutations were introduced into proviral constructs, which were then assayed in a permissive cell line. Disruption of either of two predicted stem-loops was found to greatly reduce RNA encapsidation and replication, whereas compensatory mutations restoring base pairing to these stem-loops had a wild-type phenotype. A GGNGR motif was identified in the loops of three hairpins in this region. Results were consistent with the hypothesis that the process of efficient RNA encapsidation is linked to dimerization. Replication and encapsidation were shown to occur at a reduced rate in the absence of the previously described kissing hairpin motif.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Cambridge University Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd., Cambridge CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom. Phone: 44-1223-336747. Fax: 44-1223-336846. E-mail: amll1{at}mole.bio.cam.ac.uk.

dagger Present address: Ribotargets Ltd ., Cambridge CB1 2JX, United Kingdom.

J Virol, July 1998, p. 5886-5896, Vol. 72, No. 7
0022-538X/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Groom, H. C. T., Anderson, E. C., Lever, A. M. L. (2009). Rev: beyond nuclear export. J. Gen. Virol. 90: 1303-1318 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Groom, H. C. T., Anderson, E. C., Dangerfield, J. A., Lever, A. M. L. (2009). Rev regulates translation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNAs. J. Gen. Virol. 90: 1141-1147 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Laham-Karam, N., Bacharach, E. (2007). Transduction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vectors Lacking Encapsidation and Dimerization Signals. J. Virol. 81: 10687-10698 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bjarnadottir, H., Gudmundsson, B., Gudnason, J., Jonsson, J. J. (2006). Encapsidation Determinants Located Downstream of the Major Splice Donor in the Maedi-Visna Virus Leader Region. J. Virol. 80: 11743-11755 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Greatorex, J. S., Palmer, E. A., Pomerantz, R. J., Dangerfield, J. A., Lever, A. M. L. (2006). Mutation of the Rev-binding loop in the human immunodeficiency virus 1 leader causes a replication defect characterized by altered RNA trafficking and packaging.. J. Gen. Virol. 87: 3039-3044 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Paillart, J.-C., Dettenhofer, M., Yu, X.-f., Ehresmann, C., Ehresmann, B., Marquet, R. (2004). First Snapshots of the HIV-1 RNA Structure in Infected Cells and in Virions. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 48397-48403 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Logan, A. C., Haas, D. L., Kafri, T., Kohn, D. B. (2004). Integrated Self-Inactivating Lentiviral Vectors Produce Full-Length Genomic Transcripts Competent for Encapsidation and Integration. J. Virol. 78: 8421-8436 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Russell, R. S., Roldan, A., Detorio, M., Hu, J., Wainberg, M. A., Liang, C. (2003). Effects of a Single Amino Acid Substitution within the p2 Region of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 on Packaging of Spliced Viral RNA. J. Virol. 77: 12986-12995 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gelhaus, S. L., LaCourse, W. R., Hagan, N. A., Amarasinghe, G. K., Fabris, D. (2003). Rapid purification of RNA secondary structures. Nucleic Acids Res 31: e135-e135 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gallego, J., Greatorex, J., Zhang, H., Yang, B., Arunachalam, S., Fang, J., Seamons, J., Lea, S., Pomerantz, R. J., Lever, A. M. L. (2003). Rev Binds Specifically to a Purine Loop in the SL1 Region of the HIV-1 Leader RNA. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 40385-40391 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wang, H., Norris, K. M., Mansky, L. M. (2003). Involvement of the Matrix and Nucleocapsid Domains of the Bovine Leukemia Virus Gag Polyprotein Precursor in Viral RNA Packaging. J. Virol. 77: 9431-9438 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Sakuragi, J.-I., Ueda, S., Iwamoto, A., Shioda, T. (2003). Possible Role of Dimerization in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genome RNA Packaging. J. Virol. 77: 4060-4069 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Russell, R. S., Hu, J., Beriault, V., Mouland, A. J., Kleiman, L., Wainberg, M. A., Liang, C. (2002). Sequences Downstream of the 5' Splice Donor Site Are Required for both Packaging and Dimerization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA. J. Virol. 77: 84-96 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kemler, I., Barraza, R., Poeschla, E. M. (2002). Mapping the Encapsidation Determinants of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. J. Virol. 76: 11889-11903 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Guan, Y., Diallo, K., Detorio, M., Whitney, J. B., Liang, C., Wainberg, M. A. (2001). Partial Restoration of Replication of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus by Point Mutations in either the Dimerization Initiation Site (DIS) or Gag Region after Deletion Mutagenesis within the DIS. J. Virol. 75: 11920-11923 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Guan, Y., Whitney, J. B., Liang, C., Wainberg, M. A. (2001). Novel, Live Attenuated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Constructs Containing Major Deletions in Leader RNA Sequences. J. Virol. 75: 2776-2785 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Guan, Y., Whitney, J. B., Diallo, K., Wainberg, M. A. (2000). Leader Sequences Downstream of the Primer Binding Site Are Important for Efficient Replication of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus. J. Virol. 74: 8854-8860 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Jewell, N. A., Mansky, L. M. (2000). In the beginning: genome recognition, RNA encapsidation and the initiation of complex retrovirus assembly. J. Gen. Virol. 81: 1889-1899 [Full Text]  
  • Liang, C., Rong, L., Russell, R. S., Wainberg, M. A. (2000). Deletion Mutagenesis Downstream of the 5' Long Terminal Repeat of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Is Compensated for by Point Mutations in both the U5 Region and gag Gene. J. Virol. 74: 6251-6261 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kotsopoulou, E., Kim, V. N., Kingsman, A. J., Kingsman, S. M., Mitrophanous, K. A. (2000). A Rev-Independent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Based Vector That Exploits a Codon-Optimized HIV-1 gag-pol Gene. J. Virol. 74: 4839-4852 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Le Blanc, I., Greatorex, J., Dokhélar, M.-C., Lever, A. M. L. (2000). A 37 base sequence in the leader region of human T-cell leukaemia virus type I is a high affinity dimerization site but is not essential for virus replication. J. Gen. Virol. 81: 105-108 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kaye, J. F., Lever, A. M. L. (1999). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Types 1 and 2 Differ in the Predominant Mechanism Used for Selection of Genomic RNA for Encapsidation. J. Virol. 73: 3023-3031 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Jossinet, F., Lodmell, J. S., Ehresmann, C., Ehresmann, B., Marquet, R. (2001). Identification of the in Vitro HIV-2/SIV RNA Dimerization Site Reveals Striking Differences with HIV-1. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 5598-5604 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»