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J Virol, June 1998, p. 4694-4703, Vol. 72, No. 6
0022-538X/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

CD4-Induced Conformational Changes in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 Glycoprotein: Consequences for Virus Entry and Neutralization

Nancy Sullivan,1,2 Ying Sun,1 Quentin Sattentau,3 Markus Thali,1 Dona Wu,1 Galina Denisova,4 Jonathan Gershoni,4 James Robinson,5 John Moore,6 and Joseph Sodroski1,2,*

Division of Human Retrovirology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School,1 and Department of Cancer Biology, Harvard School of Public Health,2 Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France3; Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 699784; Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 701125; and Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 100166

Received 11 December 1997/Accepted 3 March 1998

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry into target cells involves sequential binding of the gp120 exterior envelope glycoprotein to CD4 and to specific chemokine receptors. Soluble CD4 (sCD4) is thought to mimic membrane-anchored CD4, and its binding alters the conformation of the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins. Two cross-competing monoclonal antibodies, 17b and CG10, that recognize CD4-inducible gp120 epitopes and that block gp120-chemokine receptor binding were used to investigate the nature and functional significance of gp120 conformational changes initiated by CD4 binding. Envelope glycoproteins derived from both T-cell line-adapted and primary HIV-1 isolates exhibited increased binding of the 17b antibody in the presence of sCD4. CD4-induced exposure of the 17b epitope on the oligomeric envelope glycoprotein complex occurred over a wide range of temperatures and involved movement of the gp120 V1/V2 variable loops. Amino acid changes that reduced the efficiency of 17b epitope exposure following CD4 binding invariably compromised the ability of the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins to form syncytia or to support virus entry. Comparison of the CD4 dependence and neutralization efficiencies of the 17b and CG10 antibodies suggested that the epitopes for these antibodies are minimally accessible following attachment of gp120 to cell surface CD4. These results underscore the functional importance of these CD4-induced changes in gp120 conformation and illustrate viral strategies for sequestering chemokine receptor-binding regions from the humoral immune response.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, JFB824, 44 Binney St., Boston, MA 02115. Phone: (617) 632-3371. Fax: (617) 632-4338. E-mail: Joseph_Sodroski{at}dfci.harvard.edu.

J Virol, June 1998, p. 4694-4703, Vol. 72, No. 6
0022-538X/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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