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J Virol, February 1998, p. 1345-1353, Vol. 72, No. 2
0022-538X/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Oral Immunization with Recombinant Norwalk Virus-Like Particles Induces a Systemic and Mucosal Immune Response in Mice

Judith M. Ball,1,dagger Michele E. Hardy,1 Robert L. Atmar,1,2 Margaret E. Conner,1 and Mary K. Estes1,2,*

Division of Molecular Virology1 and Department of Medicine,2 Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030

Received 9 April 1997/Accepted 19 September 1997

Recombinant Norwalk virus-like particles (rNV VLPs) produced in insect cells were evaluated as an oral immunogen in CD1 and BALB/c mice by monitoring rNV-specific serum total and subclass immunoglobulin G (IgG) and intestinal IgA responses. Dose and kinetics of response were evaluated in the presence and absence of the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin (CT). rNV-specific serum IgG and intestinal IgA were detected in the absence of CT, and the number of responders was not significantly different from that of mice administered VLPs with CT at most doses. The use of CT was associated with induction of higher levels of IgG in serum; this effect was greater at higher doses of VLPs. IgG in serum was detected in the majority of animals by 9 days postimmunization (dpi), and intestinal IgA responses were detected by 24 dpi. In the absence of CT, IgG2b was the dominant IgG subclass response in both mouse strains. Thus, nonreplicating rNV VLPs are immunogenic when administered orally in the absence of any delivery system or mucosal adjuvant. These studies demonstrate that rNV VLPs are an excellent model to study the oral delivery of antigen, and they are a potential mucosal vaccine for NV infections.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Division of Molecular Virology and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030. Phone: (713) 798-3585. Fax: (713) 798-3586. E-mail: mestes{at}bcm.tmc.edu.

dagger Present address: Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467.




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