This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Das, A. T.
Right arrow Articles by Berkhout, B.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Das, A. T.
Right arrow Articles by Berkhout, B.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Journal of Virology, November 1998, p. 9217-9223, Vol. 72, No. 11
0022-538X/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

The 5' and 3' TAR Elements of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Exert Effects at Several Points in the Virus Life Cycle

Atze T. Das, Bep Klaver, and Ben Berkhout*

Department of Human Retrovirology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Received 1 June 1998/Accepted 24 July 1998

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA genome contains a terminal repeat (R) sequence that encodes the TAR hairpin motif, which has been implicated in Tat-mediated activation of transcription. More recently, a variety of other functions have been proposed for this structured RNA element. To determine the replicative roles of the 5' and 3' TAR hairpins, we analyzed multiple steps in the life cycle of wild-type and mutant viruses. A structure-destabilizing mutation was introduced in either the 5', the 3', or both TAR motifs of the proviral genome. As expected, opening of the 5' TAR hairpin caused a transcription defect. Because the level of protein expression was not similarly reduced, the translation of this mRNA was improved. No effect of the 3' hairpin on transcription and translation was measured. Mutations of the 5' and 3' hairpin structures reduced the efficiency of RNA packaging to similar extents, and RNA packaging was further reduced in the 5' and 3' TAR double mutant. Upon infection of cells with these virions, a reduced amount of reverse transcription products was synthesized by the TAR mutant. However, no net reverse transcription defect was observed after correction for the reduced level of virion RNA. This result was confirmed in in vitro reverse transcription assays. These data indicate that the 5' and 3' TAR motifs play important roles in several steps of the replication cycle, but these structures have no significant effect on the mechanism of reverse transcription.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Phone: 31-20-5664854. Fax: 31-20-6916531. E-mail: B.Berkhout{at}AMC.UVA.NL.

Journal of Virology, November 1998, p. 9217-9223, Vol. 72, No. 11
0022-538X/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Vrolijk, M. M., Ooms, M., Harwig, A., Das, A. T., Berkhout, B. (2008). Destabilization of the TAR hairpin affects the structure and function of the HIV-1 leader RNA. Nucleic Acids Res 36: 4352-4363 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Laham-Karam, N., Bacharach, E. (2007). Transduction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vectors Lacking Encapsidation and Dimerization Signals. J. Virol. 81: 10687-10698 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Houzet, L., Paillart, J. C., Smagulova, F., Maurel, S., Morichaud, Z., Marquet, R., Mougel, M. (2007). HIV controls the selective packaging of genomic, spliced viral and cellular RNAs into virions through different mechanisms. Nucleic Acids Res 0: gkm153v1-10 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Song, M., Balakrishnan, M., Chen, Y., Roques, B. P., Bambara, R. A. (2006). Stimulation of HIV-1 Minus Strand Strong Stop DNA Transfer by Genomic Sequences 3' of the Primer Binding Site. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 24227-24235 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Brandt, S., Grunwald, T., Lucke, S., Stang, A., Uberla, K. (2006). Functional replacement of the R region of simian immunodeficiency virus-based vectors by heterologous elements.. J. Gen. Virol. 87: 2297-2307 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Das, A. T., Vink, M., Berkhout, B. (2005). Alternative tRNA Priming of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcription Explains Sequence Variation in the Primer-Binding Site That Has Been Attributed to APOBEC3G Activity. J. Virol. 79: 3179-3181 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ooms, M., Huthoff, H., Russell, R., Liang, C., Berkhout, B. (2004). A Riboswitch Regulates RNA Dimerization and Packaging in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Virions. J. Virol. 78: 10814-10819 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Xie, B., Calabro, V., Wainberg, M. A., Frankel, A. D. (2004). Selection of TAR RNA-Binding Chameleon Peptides by Using a Retroviral Replication System. J. Virol. 78: 1456-1463 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Quinones-Mateu, M. E., Gao, Y., Ball, S. C., Marozsan, A. J., Abraha, A., Arts, E. J. (2002). In Vitro Intersubtype Recombinants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: Comparison to Recent and Circulating In Vivo Recombinant Forms. J. Virol. 76: 9600-9613 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Paillart, J.-C., Skripkin, E., Ehresmann, B., Ehresmann, C., Marquet, R. (2002). In Vitro Evidence for a Long Range Pseudoknot in the 5'-Untranslated and Matrix Coding Regions of HIV-1 Genomic RNA. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 5995-6004 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Guan, Y., Diallo, K., Whitney, J. B., Liang, C., Wainberg, M. A. (2001). An Intact U5-Leader Stem Is Important for Efficient Replication of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus. J. Virol. 75: 11924-11929 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Rong, L., Russell, R. S., Hu, J., Guan, Y., Kleiman, L., Liang, C., Wainberg, M. A. (2001). Hydrophobic Amino Acids in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 p2 and Nucleocapsid Proteins Can Contribute to the Rescue of Deleted Viral RNA Packaging Signals. J. Virol. 75: 7230-7243 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Huthoff, H., Berkhout, B. (2001). Mutations in the TAR hairpin affect the equilibrium between alternative conformations of the HIV-1 leader RNA. Nucleic Acids Res 29: 2594-2600 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ohi, Y., Clever, J. L. (2000). Sequences in the 5' and 3' R Elements of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Critical for Efficient Reverse Transcription. J. Virol. 74: 8324-8334 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Liang, C., Rong, L., Russell, R. S., Wainberg, M. A. (2000). Deletion Mutagenesis Downstream of the 5' Long Terminal Repeat of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Is Compensated for by Point Mutations in both the U5 Region and gag Gene. J. Virol. 74: 6251-6261 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Harrich, D., Hooker, C. W., Parry, E. (2000). The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 TAR RNA Upper Stem-Loop Plays Distinct Roles in Reverse Transcription and RNA Packaging. J. Virol. 74: 5639-5646 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Cui, Y., Iwakuma, T., Chang, L.-J. (1999). Contributions of Viral Splice Sites and cis-Regulatory Elements to Lentivirus Vector Function. J. Virol. 73: 6171-6176 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Helga-Maria, C., Hammarskjöld, M.-L., Rekosh, D. (1999). An Intact TAR Element and Cytoplasmic Localization Are Necessary for Efficient Packaging of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genomic RNA. J. Virol. 73: 4127-4135 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Das, A. T., Klaver, B., Berkhout, B. (1999). A Hairpin Structure in the R Region of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Genome Is Instrumental in Polyadenylation Site Selection. J. Virol. 73: 81-91 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Smith, S. M., Khoroshev, M., Marx, P. A., Orenstein, J., Jeang, K.-T. (2001). Constitutively Dead, Conditionally Live HIV-1 Genomes. EX VIVO IMPLICATIONS FOR A LIVE VIRUS VACCINE. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 32184-32190 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»