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J Virol, January 1998, p. 609-616, Vol. 72, No. 1
0022-538X/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Characterization of cis-Acting and NS1 Protein-Responsive Elements in the p6 Promoter of Parvovirus B19

Ralph Gareus,1,dagger Andreas Gigler,1 Andrea Hemauer,1 Marianne Leruez-Ville,2 Frédéric Morinet,2 Hans Wolf,1 and Susanne Modrow1,*

Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany,1 and Service de Microbiologie, Unité de Virologie, Hopital Saint-Louis and CNRS UPR9051, F-75010 Paris, France2

Received 9 June 1997/Accepted 1 October 1997

Parvovirus B19 infections are associated with diverse clinical manifestations, ranging from no symptoms to severe symptoms. The virus shows an extreme tropism for replication in erythroid progenitor cells, possibly due to the activity of the only functional promoter (p6) of the B19 virus genome in combination with both cell- and cell cycle-specific factors and the trans-activator protein NS1. As presented here, p6 promoter sequences derived from several B19 virus isolates proved to be highly conserved. Furthermore, mutations did not affect any of the potential binding sites for transcription factors. One variation of the base at position 223 was identified only in B19 virus isolates derived from patients with persistent infection or chronic arthritis. To determine promoter activity and to characterize regulatory elements, sequences spanning the total p6 promoter and subfragments of them were introduced into a eukaryotic expression vector upstream of the luciferase gene (from Photinus pyralis). After transfection into HeLa, CEM, BJAB, and K562 cells, the p6 promoter was found to be highly active. When introduced into the erythroid cell line K562, p6-controlled transcription exceeded that of the simian virus 40 promoter-enhancer used as a control by more than 25-fold. Sequence elements relevant for promoter activity mapped to the regions from nucleotides (nt) 100 to 190 and 233 to 298. Also, the segment from nt 343 to 400 downstream of the TATA box was important for transcriptional activity in HeLa and K562 cells. By transfecting the promoter-luciferase constructs into a HeLa cell line stably carrying the viral NS1 gene under the control of an inducible promoter, transcriptional activity mediated by the p6 promoter rose significantly after induction of NS1 expression. The region from nt 100 to 160 proved to be essential for NS1-mediated transcriptional activation. Furthermore, NS1-mediated transactivation was dependent on the presence of two GC-rich elements arranged in tandem upstream of the TATA box. These data indicate that NS1-mediated p6 transactivation is dependent on a multicomponent complex combining NS1 with ATF, NF-kappa B/c-Rel, and GC-box binding cellular factors.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universität Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany. Phone: 49-941-944-6454. Fax: 49-941-944-6402. E-mail: susanne.modrow{at}klinik.uni-regensburg.de.

dagger Present address: ENI-CHEM, Monterotondo 00015, Italy.




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