This Article Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Paxton, W Articles by Landau, N R Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Paxton, W Articles by Landau, N R

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

J Virol. 1993 December; 67(12): 7229-7237

Incorporation of Vpr into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions: requirement for the p6 region of gag and mutational analysis.

Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, New York.

ABSTRACT

The product of the vpr open reading frame of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a 15-kDa, arginine-rich protein that is present in virions in molar quantities equivalent to that of Gag. We report here the results of our investigations into the mechanism by which Vpr is incorporated into virions during assembly in infected cells. For these studies we used an expression vector encoding a Vpr molecule fused at its amino terminus to a nine-amino-acid peptide from influenza virus hemagglutinin. The tagged Vpr expression vector and a vpr mutant HIV-1 provirus were used to cotransfect COS cells, and the resulting virions were tested for the presence of the tagged protein on immunoblots probed with monoclonal antibody against the hemagglutinin peptide. The COS-produced virions were found to contain readily detectable amounts of tagged Vpr and smaller amounts of a putative tagged Vpr dimer. Infectivity of the particles was not altered by incorporation of tagged Vpr. Our results using this system in combination with mutant HIV-1 proviruses suggested that incorporation of Vpr into virions requires the carboxy-terminal Gag protein of HIV-1 (p6) but not gp160, Pol, or genomic viral RNA. In addition, analysis of mutated, tagged Vpr molecules suggested that amino acids near the carboxy terminus (amino acids 84 to 94) are required for incorporation of Vpr into HIV-1 virions. The single cysteine residue near the carboxy terminus was required for production of a stable protein. Arginine residues tested were not important for incorporation or stability of tagged Vpr. These results suggested a novel strategy for blocking HIV-1 replication.

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Shrivastav, S., Kino, T., Cunningham, T., Ichijo, T., Schubert, U., Heinklein, P., Chrousos, G. P., Kopp, J. B. (2008). Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Viral Protein R Suppresses Transcriptional Activity of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} and Inhibits Adipocyte Differentiation: Implications for HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy. Mol. Endocrinol. 22: 234-247 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bolton, D. L., Lenardo, M. J. (2007). Vpr Cytopathicity Independent of G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected CD4+ T Cells. J. Virol. 81: 8878-8890 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fossen, T., Wray, V., Bruns, K., Rachmat, J., Henklein, P., Tessmer, U., Maczurek, A., Klinger, P., Schubert, U. (2005). Solution Structure of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 p6 Protein. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 42515-42527 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Varin, A., Decrion, A.-Z., Sabbah, E., Quivy, V., Sire, J., Van Lint, C., Roques, B. P., Aggarwal, B. B., Herbein, G. (2005). Synthetic Vpr Protein Activates Activator Protein-1, c-Jun N-terminal Kinase, and NF-{kappa}B and Stimulates HIV-1 Transcription in Promonocytic Cells and Primary Macrophages. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 42557-42567 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mulky, A., Kappes, J. C. (2005). Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Subunit Structure/Function in the Context of Infectious Virions and Human Target Cells. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 3762-3769 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schrofelbauer, B., Yu, Q., Zeitlin, S. G., Landau, N. R. (2005). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr Induces the Degradation of the UNG and SMUG Uracil-DNA Glycosylases. J. Virol. 79: 10978-10987 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jin, S., Chen, C., Montelaro, R. C. (2005). Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Gag p9 Function in Early Steps of Virus Infection and Provirus Production. J. Virol. 79: 8793-8801 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kino, T., Gragerov, A., Valentin, A., Tsopanomihalou, M., Ilyina-Gragerova, G., Erwin-Cohen, R., Chrousos, G. P., Pavlakis, G. N. (2005). Vpr Protein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Binds to 14-3-3 Proteins and Facilitates Complex Formation with Cdc25C: Implications for Cell Cycle Arrest. J. Virol. 79: 2780-2787 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gurer, C., Berthoux, L., Luban, J. (2005). Covalent Modification of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 p6 by SUMO-1. J. Virol. 79: 910-917 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kino, T., De Martino, M. U., Charmandari, E., Ichijo, T., Outas, T., Chrousos, G. P. (2005). HIV-1 Accessory Protein Vpr Inhibits the Effect of Insulin on the Foxo Subfamily of Forkhead Transcription Factors by Interfering With Their Binding to 14-3-3 Proteins: Potential Clinical Implications Regarding the Insulin Resistance of HIV-1-Infected Patients. Diabetes 54: 23-31 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Muller, B., Daecke, J., Fackler, O. T., Dittmar, M. T., Zentgraf, H., Krausslich, H.-G. (2004). Construction and Characterization of a Fluorescently Labeled Infectious Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Derivative. J. Virol. 78: 10803-10813 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Melamed, D., Mark-Danieli, M., Kenan-Eichler, M., Kraus, O., Castiel, A., Laham, N., Pupko, T., Glaser, F., Ben-Tal, N., Bacharach, E. (2004). The Conserved Carboxy Terminus of the Capsid Domain of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Protein Is Important for Virion Assembly and Release. J. Virol. 78: 9675-9688 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chen, R., Le Rouzic, E., Kearney, J. A., Mansky, L. M., Benichou, S. (2004). Vpr-mediated Incorporation of UNG2 into HIV-1 Particles Is Required to Modulate the Virus Mutation Rate and for Replication in Macrophages. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 28419-28425 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mulky, A., Sarafianos, S. G., Arnold, E., Wu, X., Kappes, J. C. (2004). Subunit-Specific Analysis of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase In Vivo. J. Virol. 78: 7089-7096 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chang, F., Re, F., Sebastian, S., Sazer, S., Luban, J. (2004). HIV-1 Vpr Induces Defects in Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Nuclear Structure, and Centrosomes. Mol. Biol. Cell 15: 1793-1801 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bruns, K., Fossen, T., Wray, V., Henklein, P., Tessmer, U., Schubert, U. (2003). Structural Characterization of the HIV-1 Vpr N Terminus: EVIDENCE OF cis/trans-PROLINE ISOMERISM. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 43188-43201 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Villet, S., Bouzar, B. A., Morin, T., Verdier, G., Legras, C., Chebloune, Y. (2003). Maedi-Visna Virus and Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus Genomes Encode a Vpr-Like but No Tat Protein. J. Virol. 77: 9632-9638 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sherman, M. P., de Noronha, C. M. C., Eckstein, L. A., Hataye, J., Mundt, P., Williams, S. A. F., Neidleman, J. A., Goldsmith, M. A., Greene, W. C. (2003). Nuclear Export of Vpr Is Required for Efficient Replication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Tissue Macrophages. J. Virol. 77: 7582-7589 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Coeytaux, E., Coulaud, D., Le Cam, E., Danos, O., Kichler, A. (2003). The Cationic Amphipathic alpha -Helix of HIV-1 Viral Protein R (Vpr) Binds to Nucleic Acids, Permeabilizes Membranes, and Efficiently Transfects Cells. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 18110-18116 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mansky, L. M., Le Rouzic, E., Benichou, S., Gajary, L. C. (2003). Influence of Reverse Transcriptase Variants, Drugs, and Vpr on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Mutant Frequencies. J. Virol. 77: 2071-2080 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yao, X.-J., Lemay, J., Rougeau, N., Clement, M., Kurtz, S., Belhumeur, P., Cohen, E. A. (2002). Genetic Selection of Peptide Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 48816-48826 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mirani, M., Elenkov, I., Volpi, S., Hiroi, N., Chrousos, G. P., Kino, T. (2002). HIV-1 Protein Vpr Suppresses IL-12 Production from Human Monocytes by Enhancing Glucocorticoid Action: Potential Implications of Vpr Coactivator Activity for the Innate and Cellular Immunity Deficits Observed in HIV-1 Infection. J. Immunol. 169: 6361-6368 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ramanathan, M. P., Curley, E. III, Su, M., Chambers, J. A., Weiner, D. B. (2002). Carboxyl Terminus of hVIP/mov34 Is Critical for HIV-1-Vpr Interaction and Glucocorticoid-mediated Signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 47854-47860 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• McDonald, D., Vodicka, M. A., Lucero, G., Svitkina, T. M., Borisy, G. G., Emerman, M., Hope, T. J. (2002). Visualization of the intracellular behavior of HIV in living cells. J. Cell Biol. 159: 441-452 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Munk, C., Brandt, S. M., Lucero, G., Landau, N. R. (2002). A dominant block to HIV-1 replication at reverse transcription in simian cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 13843-13848 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kino, T., Gragerov, A., Slobodskaya, O., Tsopanomichalou, M., Chrousos, G. P., Pavlakis, G. N. (2002). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Accessory Protein Vpr Induces Transcription of the HIV-1 and Glucocorticoid-Responsive Promoters by Binding Directly to p300/CBP Coactivators. J. Virol. 76: 9724-9734 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Freed, E. O. (2002). Viral Late Domains. J. Virol. 76: 4679-4687 [Full Text]  
• Arganaraz, E., Cortes, M. J., Leibel, S., Lama, J. (2002). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr Protein Does Not Modulate Surface Expression of the CD4 Receptor. J. Virol. 76: 4125-4130 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chiu, H.-C., Yao, S.-Y., Wang, C.-T. (2002). Coding Sequences Upstream of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Domain in Gag-Pol Are Not Essential for Incorporation of the Pr160gag-pol into Virus Particles. J. Virol. 76: 3221-3231 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Demirov, D. G., Orenstein, J. M., Freed, E. O. (2002). The Late Domain of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 p6 Promotes Virus Release in a Cell Type-Dependent Manner. J. Virol. 76: 105-117 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ayyavoo, V., Muthumani, K., Kudchodkar, S., Zhang, D., Ramanathan, P., Dayes, N. S., Kim, J. J., Sin, J.-I., Montaner, L. J., Weiner, D. B. (2002). HIV-1 viral protein R compromises cellular immune function in vivo. Int Immunol 14: 13-22 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Eckstein, D. A., Sherman, M. P., Penn, M. L., Chin, P. S., De Noronha, C. M.C., Greene, W. C., Goldsmith, M. A. (2001). HIV-1 Vpr Enhances Viral Burden by Facilitating Infection of Tissue Macrophages but Not Nondividing CD4+ T Cells. J. Exp. Med. 194: 1407-1419 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• de Noronha, C. M. C., Sherman, M. P., Lin, H. W., Cavrois, M. V., Moir, R. D., Goldman, R. D., Greene, W. C. (2001). Dynamic Disruptions in Nuclear Envelope Architecture and Integrity Induced by HIV-1 Vpr. Science 294: 1105-1108 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jenkins, Y., Pornillos, O., Rich, R. L., Myszka, D. G., Sundquist, W. I., Malim, M. H. (2001). Biochemical Analyses of the Interactions between Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr and p6Gag. J. Virol. 75: 10537-10542 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jenkins, Y., Sanchez, P. V., Meyer, B. E., Malim, M. H. (2001). Nuclear Export of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr Is Not Required for Virion Packaging. J. Virol. 75: 8348-8352 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Khan, M. A., Aberham, C., Kao, S., Akari, H., Gorelick, R., Bour, S., Strebel, K. (2001). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vif Protein Is Packaged into the Nucleoprotein Complex through an Interaction with Viral Genomic RNA. J. Virol. 75: 7252-7265 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sherman, M. P., de Noronha, C. M. C., Heusch, M. I., Greene, S., Greene, W. C. (2001). Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr. J. Virol. 75: 1522-1532 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mahalingam, S., Van Tine, B., Santiago, M. L., Gao, F., Shaw, G. M., Hahn, B. H. (2001). Functional Analysis of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vpx Protein: Identification of Packaging Determinants and a Novel Nuclear Targeting Domain. J. Virol. 75: 362-374 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Su, L., Graf, M., Zhang, Y., von Briesen, H., Xing, H., Köstler, J., Melzl, H., Wolf, H., Shao, Y., Wagner, R. (2000). Characterization of a Virtually Full-Length Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genome of a Prevalent Intersubtype (C/B') Recombinant Strain in China. J. Virol. 74: 11367-11376 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Singh, S. P., Tomkowicz, B., Lai, D., Cartas, M., Mahalingam, S., Kalyanaraman, V. S., Murali, R., Srinivasan, A. (2000). Functional Role of Residues Corresponding to Helical Domain II (Amino Acids 35 to 46) of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr. J. Virol. 74: 10650-10657 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Müller, B., Tessmer, U., Schubert, U., Kräusslich, H.-G. (2000). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr Protein Is Incorporated into the Virion in Significantly Smaller Amounts than Gag and Is Phosphorylated in Infected Cells. J. Virol. 74: 9727-9731 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Conti, L., Matarrese, P., Varano, B., Gauzzi, M. C., Sato, A., Malorni, W., Belardelli, F., Gessani, S. (2000). Dual Role of the HIV-1 Vpr Protein in the Modulation of the Apoptotic Response of T Cells. J. Immunol. 165: 3293-3300 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sherman, M. P., de Noronha, C. M. C., Pearce, D., Greene, W. C. (2000). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr Contains Two Leucine-Rich Helices That Mediate Glucocorticoid Receptor Coactivation Independently of Its Effects on G2 Cell Cycle Arrest. J. Virol. 74: 8159-8165 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mansky, L. M., Preveral, S., Selig, L., Benarous, R., Benichou, S. (2000). The Interaction of Vpr with Uracil DNA Glycosylase Modulates the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 In Vivo Mutation Rate. J. Virol. 74: 7039-7047 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Accola, M. A., Öhagen, A., Göttlinger, H. G. (2000). Isolation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Cores: Retention of Vpr in the Absence of p6gag. J. Virol. 74: 6198-6202 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Accola, M. A., Strack, B., Göttlinger, H. G. (2000). Efficient Particle Production by Minimal Gag Constructs Which Retain the Carboxy-Terminal Domain of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Capsid-p2 and a Late Assembly Domain. J. Virol. 74: 5395-5402 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kichler, A., Pages, J.-C., Leborgne, C., Druillennec, S., Lenoir, C., Coulaud, D., Delain, E., Le Cam, E., Roques, B. P., Danos, O. (2000). Efficient DNA Transfection Mediated by the C-Terminal Domain of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Viral Protein R. J. Virol. 74: 5424-5431 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Welker, R., Hohenberg, H., Tessmer, U., Huckhagel, C., Kräusslich, H.-G. (2000). Biochemical and Structural Analysis of Isolated Mature Cores of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol. 74: 1168-1177 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Accola, M. A., Bukovsky, A. A., Jones, M. S., Göttlinger, H. G. (1999). A Conserved Dileucine-Containing Motif in p6gag Governs the Particle Association of Vpx and Vpr of Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses SIVmac and SIVagm. J. Virol. 73: 9992-9999 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stewart, S. A., Poon, B., Jowett, J. B. M., Xie, Y., Chen, I. S. Y. (1999). Lentiviral delivery of HIV-1 Vpr protein induces apoptosis in transformed cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 12039-12043 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gummuluru, S., Emerman, M. (1999). Cell Cycle- and Vpr-Mediated Regulation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Expression in Primary and Transformed T-Cell Lines. J. Virol. 73: 5422-5430 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dettenhofer, M., Yu, X.-F. (1999). Proline Residues in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 p6Gag Exert a Cell Type-Dependent Effect on Viral Replication and Virion Incorporation of Pol Proteins. J. Virol. 73: 4696-4704 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hrimech, M., Yao, X.-J., Bachand, F., Rougeau, N., Cohen, E. A. (1999). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr Functions as an Immediate-Early Protein during HIV-1 Infection. J. Virol. 73: 4101-4109 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• SHIMURA, M., TANAKA, Y., NAKAMURA, S., MINEMOTO, Y., YAMASHITA, K., HATAKE, K., TAKAKU, F., ISHIZAKA, Y. (1999). Micronuclei formation and aneuploidy induced by Vpr, an accessory gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. FASEB J. 13: 621-637 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bachand, F., Yao, X.-J., Hrimech, M., Rougeau, N., Cohen, E. A. (1999). Incorporation of Vpr into Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Requires a Direct Interaction with the p6 Domain of the p55 Gag Precursor. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 9083-9091 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dettenhofer, M., Yu, X.-F. (1999). Highly Purified Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reveals a Virtual Absence of Vif in Virions. J. Virol. 73: 1460-1467 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Willetts, K. E., Rey, F., Agostini, I., Navarro, J.-M., Baudat, Y., Vigne, R., Sire, J. (1999). DNA Repair Enzyme Uracil DNA Glycosylase Is Specifically Incorporated into Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Viral Particles through a Vpr-Independent Mechanism. J. Virol. 73: 1682-1688 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Selig, L., Pages, J.-C., Tanchou, V., Preveral, S., Berlioz-Torrent, C., Liu, L. X., Erdtmann, L., Darlix, J.-L., Benarous, R., Benichou, S. (1999). Interaction with the p6 Domain of the Gag Precursor Mediates Incorporation into Virions of Vpr and Vpx Proteins from Primate Lentiviruses. J. Virol. 73: 592-600 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jenkins, Y., McEntee, M., Weis, K., Greene, W. C. (1998). Characterization of HIV-1 Vpr Nuclear Import: Analysis of Signals and Pathways. J. Cell Biol. 143: 875-885 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fouchier, R. A. M., Meyer, B. E., Simon, J. H. M., Fischer, U., Albright, A. V., Gonzalez-Scarano, F., Malim, M. H. (1998). Interaction of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr Protein with the Nuclear Pore Complex. J. Virol. 72: 6004-6013 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yao, X.-J., Mouland, A. J., Subbramanian, R. A., Forget, J., Rougeau, N., Bergeron, D., Cohen, E. A. (1998). Vpr Stimulates Viral Expression and Induces Cell Killing in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Dividing Jurkat T Cells. J. Virol. 72: 4686-4693 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pancio, H. A., Ratner, L. (1998). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Vpx-Gag Interaction. J. Virol. 72: 5271-5275 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Felzien, L. K., Woffendin, C., Hottiger, M. O., Subbramanian, R. A., Cohen, E. A., Nabel, G. J. (1998). HIV transcriptional activation by the accessory protein, VPR, is mediated by the p300 co-activator. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 5281-5286 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• BouHamdan, M., Xue, Y., Baudat, Y., Hu, B., Sire, J., Pomerantz, R. J., Duan, L.-X. (1998). Diversity of HIV-1 Vpr Interactions Involves Usage of the WXXF Motif of Host Cell Proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 8009-8016 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wiegers, K., Rutter, G., Kottler, H., Tessmer, U., Hohenberg, H., Krausslich, H.-G. (1998). Sequential Steps in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Particle Maturation Revealed by Alterations of Individual Gag Polyprotein Cleavage Sites. J. Virol. 72: 2846-2854 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stark, L. A., Hay, R. T. (1998). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Viral Protein R (Vpr) Interacts with Lys-tRNA Synthetase: Implications for Priming of HIV-1 Reverse Transcription. J. Virol. 72: 3037-3044 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yu, X.-F., Dawson, L., Tian, C.-J., Flexner, C., Dettenhofer, M. (1998). Mutations of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 p6Gag Domain Result in Reduced Retention of Pol Proteins during Virus Assembly. J. Virol. 72: 3412-3417 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Accola, M. A., Hoglund, S., Gottlinger, H. G. (1998). A Putative alpha -Helical Structure Which Overlaps the Capsid-p2 Boundary in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Precursor Is Crucial for Viral Particle Assembly. J. Virol. 72: 2072-2078 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Conti, L., Rainaldi, G., Matarrese, P., Varano, B., Rivabene, R., Columba, S., Sato, A., Belardelli, F., Malorni, W., Gessani, S. (1998). The HIV-1 vpr Protein Acts as a Negative Regulator of Apoptosis in a Human Lymphoblastoid T Cell Line: Possible Implications for the Pathogenesis of AIDS. J. Exp. Med. 187: 403-413 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• de Rocquigny, H., Petitjean, P., Tanchou, V., Decimo, D., Drouot, L., Delaunay, T., Darlix, J.-L., Roques, B. P. (1997). The Zinc Fingers of HIV Nucleocapsid Protein NCp7 Direct Interactions with the Viral Regulatory Protein Vpr. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 30753-30759 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Serio, D., Rizvi, T. A., Cartas, M., Kalyanaraman, V. S., Weber, I. T., Koprowski, H., Srinivasan, A. (1997). Development of a novel anti-HIV-1 agent from within: Effect of chimeric Vpr-containing protease cleavage site residues on virus replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 3346-3351 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sawaya, B. E., Khalili, K., Gordon, J., Taube, R., Amini, S. (2000). Cooperative Interaction between HIV-1 Regulatory Proteins Tat and Vpr Modulates Transcription of the Viral Genome. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 35209-35214 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Li, X., Multon, M.-C., Henin, Y., Schweighoffer, F., Venot, C., Josef, J., Zhou, C., LaVecchio, J., Stuckert, P., Raab, M., Mhashilkar, A., Tocque, B., Marasco, W. A. (2000). Grb3-3 Is Up-regulated in HIV-1-infected T-cells and Can Potentiate Cell Activation through NFATc. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 30925-30933 [Abstract] [Full Text]